X Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 
the mandible of modern man is modified to seive in speech." The Heidel- 
berg discovery was made in 1907 ; but as far back as 1856 the famous 
Neanderthal skeleton had been discovered ; unfortunately it was very 
much injured, but the calvaria, or skull-cap, was preserved. So long as 
this discovery remained single, it could not be adduced as convincing ; 
fortunately other finds of similar nature were made, showing similar 
peculiarities. To these the name of Neanderthal, or Mousterian, man has 
been given; and the most complete monogram, that of the man of the 
Chapelle aux Saints " has just appeared. 
I am happy to exhibit to-night one of the first casts of this famous 
skull, which I owe to the kindness of Professor M. Boule, of the Paris 
Museum, whose definition I give here verbatim. 
" The general facies of the men of the Neanderthal type, as revealed 
by the most important discoveries made till now can be defined as follows : 
An enormous head supported by a thick, short trunk, the limbs short, 
muscular, and very robust. The proportions of the limbs coincide with 
those of the present human races. The only trait of the general appear- 
ance which might be considered as pithecoid would be the enormous size 
of the head in proportion to that of the body. In any case the Homo 
Neanderthalensis had absolutely, as well as relatively, the largest head 
known in the genus Homo." 
The body was found in a grotto, lying on the back. The right arm 
was bent, the hand drawn towards the head, the left one was extended. 
The legs were drawn in, resting on the right. Above the head had been 
placed three or four fragments or ribs (os longum) and parts of the leg of a 
bovine ruminant, pointing that it had been laid there intentionally, perhaps 
as food for the defunct. Bound this body were numerous flakes of quartz, 
flints, some of them, well worked, and all of the typical Mousterian form ; 
fragments of ochre, broken bones, &c. 
This grotto, according to the discoverers, men well versed in spelean 
research, should be looked upon not as a dwelling, but as a place of burial, 
where many funeral feasts had been held. 
This skeleton is that of an adult about fifty years old. 
That of a youth of about sixteen years of age, and of the same type, 
was found in the classical deposit of Le Moustier, and if I cite him, it is 
because it is said of the skeleton : " The posture is that of repose with the 
face turned to the right, the right arm is under the head, which is 
surrounded by flint flakes. Besides the skeleton were found, in addition 
to the flint implements of the Mousterian type some of the Acheulean, 
among them a S]jlendidly-ivorked hand-ivedge." 
I shall now pass over the Cro-Magnon and other types of Homo Sapiens 
to come to the evidence afforded by the lithic industry of South Africa 
towards the antiquity of man. 
