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I. ON SOUTH AFRICAN PARAMPHISTOMIDAE (Fisch.). 
II. SOME TREMATODES IN SOUTH AFRICAN ANURA, AND THE 
RELATIONSHIPS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR HOSTS. 
By C. S. Grobbelaar, M.A., 
Lecturer and Demonstrator in the Department of Zoology, 
University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, S.A. 
(With nine Text-figures.) 
I. On South African Paramphistomidae (Fisch.). 
The occurrence of Paramphistomids ( = Amphistomes) in sheep and 
cattle is fairly general in South Africa wherever suitable conditions prevail 
to ensure its life-history. The conditions required are identical with those 
required for the life-cycle of the common liver-fluke, viz. swampy vleis 
where there is a fairly permanent water-supply to ensure both the develop- 
ment of the eggs and the existence of the intermediate host, which in the 
case of P. calicophorum is the ubiquitous Isidora tropica Krauss. 
These light, flesh-coloured parasites, from 8 to 10 mm. long, occur singly 
or in groups covering a few square inches in the rumen of sheep and cattle. 
They attach themselves by the well-developed posterior sucker to the 
mucous membrane of the rumen between the numerous short villi. The 
eggs are shed in the stomach, and gradually find their way down the intestine, 
and are deposited with the faeces. When the faeces with the eggs happen 
to be dropped in swampy vleis, or in such places where they are immersed 
under water for some time, development of the eggs proceeds at the advent 
of the rainy season, and infection of the intermediate host, if present, 
takes place. The sheep and cattle infect themselves by feeding on the grass 
or pasture along the margins of pools containing infected snails, and on 
which the cerceriae have encysted themselves. 
In the south-western districts of the Cape Province infection of stock 
takes place during October, November, and December. In the eastern 
districts, viz. Molteno, Dordrecht, Barkley East, and wherever Param- 
phistomids (not necessarily P. calicophorum), occur in Natal, Orange Free 
State, and the Transvaal, infection takes place from April to June. 
