Madeline H. Whiting 
3 
III. Organic Heart Disease. 
IV. Chronic Tubercular Disease : quiescent at time of observation. 
V. Cardio-vascular degenerative changes. 
VI. Epilepsy. 
VII. Functional Heart Disorders without organic disease, and described as 
"weak heart." 
VIII. Kidney degenerative changes: indicated by albuminuria, etc. 
IX. Other pathological states : Necrosis of bone of old standing ; diabetes, 
active at time of observation ; tabes dorsalis (active) ; general 
paralysis of the insane (active) ; chronic rheumatism (active) ; 
urethral stricture, resulting from gonorrhoea; previously insane; 
goitre (active) ; cirrhosis of liver (active) ; hemiplegia, resulting 
from a stroke. 
927 temperatures were taken on 500 individuals, 427 being repeated tempera- 
tures, the intervals between observations varying from 2-3 weeks to 2-3 months. 
326 temperatures were those of criminals suffering from the diseases and disorders 
classed as above, the remaining 601 temperatures may be taken as those of fairly 
normal individuals, differentiated only from the same class of the population by 
the fact of their criminality and by the action of prison diet, discipline and labour. 
Out of the 400 mentally normal convicts 34-5 % were suiSering from one or another 
disorder, and of the 100 weak-minded convicts, 27 % . This is explained by the 
fact that Parkhurst, where the observations were made, is largely a prison to which 
the physically or mentally feeble are sent, and accordingly it is more than probable 
that the weak-minded in general suffer at least as much from disorder and disease 
as the normal-minded criminal. Taking apparently inactive syphilis alone we 
find 12-75% of the normal-minded and 11-00% of the weak-minded* suffering 
from non-active disease, a nearer ratio of equality. It would be of great value 
if a Wassermann test could be made throughout a large convict establishment. 
It seems probable that at least 10 % of the inmates would be found to be syphilitic. 
Making due allowance for the class from which the bulk of criminals are drawn, 
this does not suggest that much more than 5 %-6 % of the non-criminal population 
are likely to be affected, and compares on the whole favourably with the high 
estimates published of the syphilised population in Germany f. The following 
table sets forth our results for mean temperatures: 
* One case of general paralysis of the insane included, and in both classes the probably syphilitic 
also counted. 
f Fritz Lenz: " Ueber die Verbreitung der Lues...," Archiv fiir Rasseti- n.nd GesellscJiafts- 
hiologie, Bd. vii. S. 306-327, 1910. 
