Eveline Y. Thomson 
107 
All these points are well brought out when we compare by the standard horizontal 
planes and have no suggestiveness at all when we superpose the nasio-lambda 
lines, which give the English skull a protrusion of the frontal both by rotation of 
and curving of the frontal bone, while actually the two factors act in opposed 
directions. 
Another point which tells considerably against the use of the nasio-lambda 
line as reference line in the case of two type contours is the experience that this 
superposition usually throws out very much the two basal triangles (i.e. nasion, 
basion, alveolar point). As a matter of fact when the basal triangles are as nearly 
as possible superposed, then the nasio-bregma lines will be closest together, next 
the nasio-gamma lines and last the nasio-lambda lines, but sufficient material 
is not yet available to study properly this point, and accordingly no stress is laid 
on it here. 
If the Guanche tracing (Fig. XXIV) be superposed on the Moriori, N on N 
and Ny along Ny, we have the same result, the frontal flattening and the post- 
bregmatic crest; this is equally so if be set to N^, but the crest disappears 
entirely, if we set NX to NX. When we compare the Negro contour (Congo Bantu, 
Fig. IX) with the Moriori we have still, for Ny to Ny. the flattening of the frontal 
{N^ almost coincides with N^) and the emphasis of the crest, but a new feature 
comes in, namely the dwarfing of the occipital portion of the Negro cranium. To 
a less marked extent this occurs with the Egyptian type contour (Fig. XVIII), 
but the emphatic flattening of the Moriori frontal bones appears reduced in this 
case by the physiognomic flattening of the Egyptian due to rotation of the frontal 
bone. 
From other aspects there are considerable objections to the use of NX as a 
reference line especially in the case of individual crania. While the suborbital and 
auricular points are capable of fairly accurate determination when the skull is 
on the cranioplior and the bregma likewise as the coronal suture is not usually 
deeply serrated, the lambdoid suture is often most markedly serrated and the 
actual position of the lambda may be the resiilt of a random serration, which 
appears to have little bearing on the average sweep of the lambdoid suture, and 
the intersection of that sweep with the sagittal suture. 
It is not possible to compare the constants of the type sagittal section of the 
Moriori as found for Schwalbe's glabella-inion line with the like constants for the 
races dealt with in Benington's paper, for the position of the inion has not been 
avecaged off from his individual contours. We shall accordingly content ourselves 
with comparison of the indices obtained from bregmatic subtense and maximum 
subtense on the nasio-gamma, the nasio-lambda and Klaatsch's glabella-inion 
lines as base, giving further the angles which the nasio-bregmatic or glabella- 
bregmatic line as the case may be makes with these base lines. We shall still 
have to confine our attention to male crania as the Benington paper has not provided 
the contours for female crania. 
