126 
A Study of the Crania of the Moriori 
I t.hink we may conclude from these results that : 
(i) It is needful to add about 1 mm. to make the measurement on the 
horizontal contour agree with that on the sagittal contour. 
(ii) Unless the occipital and glabella are reconstructed with great accuracy, 
we may have an average error of something like 0-6 mm. in determining the 
glabella-occipital length from the sagittal section. 
Of course the maximum breadth B cannot be read off on the horizontal section ; 
the temporal breadth should be something greater than the minimum frontal 
breadth; it is for cjs 95-5 and for $s 92-3 against minimum frontal breadth, (Js 95-3 
and ?s 94-0. I am unable to account for the defect of 1-7 in the females except 
by the difference of errors of reading with callipers and reading with a scale on 
the diagrams*. Probably it would be best in future contour drawings with the 
Klaatsch to mark off specially the temporal ridges, as one is apt in turning a sharp 
point on the contour to bring the side of the needle rather than its point into 
contact with the ridge, but I do not think this would lessen the dimensions ; such 
a lessening might arise from shear of the plasticine on which the skull is bedded, 
if too great pressure were applied. Whatever the source of the error, the lesson 
must be to test each individual contour against the available individual measure- 
ment before proceeding to the type contour. 
I now pass to the transverse section. In drawing this we pass from "auricular 
point" to "auricular point," the "auricular line" being defined as the tangent to 
the upper borders of the external meatus. We have been forced to the conclusion 
that when the skull rests on the Ranke craniophor, the "auricular line" corre- 
sponding to the top of the plugs (wedge type, not conical type) does not coincide 
with the auricular line determined by joining the upper borders of the external 
meati as marked on the transverse contour. The ear wedges have to be thrust 
some distance into the auditory meatus f and thus their horizontal tops are 
considerably below the line joining the upper borders. They are of course not 
as low as the line joining the "centres" of the external meatus. Thus it comes 
about that we can get three auricular heights. The one from the centre of the 
auricular passages is that usually determined on the living, and by field workers on 
craniological material ; the one given by the contour tracer is that which we ought 
to find in strict accordance with the Frankfurt Concordat, and the one actually 
found in laboratory work with a craniophor is only strictly in accordance with 
the Concordat, when the external meatus has an upper surface, actually horizontal 
and accurately passing through the uppermost point of the border of the auditory 
external meatus. 
We now turn to the type transverse contours and note in the light of the 
above remarks the auricular heights : 
* The cranium which it was not possible to contour liad a large frontal breadth, but its omission 
only reduces the mean to 93-8 mm. 
f In order that the skuU may be stable on the craniophor. 
