Alice Lee 
285 
to ascertain how many individuals may be expected to possess a combination of 
characters each of which exceeds a given value. I have adopted throughout 
Pearson's original notation in his memoir on the fourfold table*, i.e. d is the 
frequency of the quadrant diagonally opposed to that in which the mean falls, i.e. : 
I rr/^i~ 
N 
dxdy, 
27rVl - 1 
where in our case r is given values from — -8 to — l-O. This is the integral I have 
tabled. For the case of r = — 1-0, djN will be zero for all values of h and k, so 
that it is not needful to provide a table for r = — 1-0 and interpolation between 
— '95 and — l-O must be between the values given in the table for — -95 and 
zero values. 
Illustration I. An appreciation of sex was made by two different observers 
on 216 femora. It is required to find a measure of the association in judgment 
between the two observers. 
In appreciating sex by the examination of a bone the observers opinion varies 
from practical certainty of maleness through every shade of doubt to practical 
certainty of femaleness. The strength of the judgment is therefore a continuous 
character, although the actual sex forms a rigid categorical differentiation. It is 
with the judgment, and not with the actual sex that we are here concerned, and 
we have simphfied those judgments down to unique categories S and $ classifying 
under each all queried values. 
The table is : 
First observer 
> 
a) 
O 
o 
o 
<o 
<? 
? Totals 
98 
16 
114 
? 
6 
96 
102 
Totals 
104 
112 
216 
Mean 
Mean 
Rearranging in standard form : 
16 
98 
114 
96 
6 
102 
112 
104 
216 
we see that A and ]i will now both be positive and r will be negative. 
* PMl. Trans. Vol. 195, A, p. 1. 
