1 12 Wanderings in Eastern Africa. 
applying a red-hot axe four times to the palm of 
the hand of the suspected person. Secondly, the 
''Kiraho cha Sumba" (the ordeal of the needle). 
In this case a red-hot needle is put through the lips 
of the individual. Thirdly, the " Kiraho cha Chungu 
cha Gnandu" (the ordeal of the kettle of copper). A 
copper vessel containing a stone is put upon the fire, 
and both are heated to the highest pitch ; and the trial 
here consists in taking the stone from the kettle by 
the hand. Fourthly, the " Kiraho cha Kikahi (the 
ordeal of the piece of bread), the accused man being 
compelled to eat a piece of poisoned bread. In each 
case, if he take no harm, he is deemed innocent; but if 
the fire burn him, or the needle draw blood, or the 
poisoned bread do him any injury, he is pronounced 
to be guilty, and punishment is proceeded with. 
Associated with the government of the Wanika are 
the " Moro " and the " Muanza." The former is a hut 
built in the Kaya, ,which is looked upon with great 
awe by the people. None but the initiated are 
allowed to enter it. In it are kept the insignia of 
office, wonderful relics of former days, trophies of 
victories won in the past, magic horns, drums, and 
other instruments ; and above all, the Muanza itself. 
The latter is a kind of drum about six feet long. 
A portion of the trunk of a tree about this length is 
hollowed out to within an inch of one end. Over the 
open end is stretched the skin of a goat or a sheep, 
through the centre of which a thong is passed, being 
kept in place by a knot on the inner side. The instru- 
ment is rudely carved and painted. The natives operate 
upon it by taking a wisp of cocoa-nut fibre in each 
hand, seizing the thong, pulling at it, hand over hand, 
