80 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
tjAN, ^, 1900. 
Spottsmen's Show Tottrnament. 
THE programme of the Inanimate Target Tournament to be 
given ill connection with the Sportsmen's show, m Madison 
Square Garden, March 1 to 17 (Sundays excepted), is as follows: 
J. A. Dressel is the gecretary-treasurer and general manager, 
28o' Broadway, New York. , t. , 
Committee: Elmer E. Shaner, chairman; Edward Banks, secre- 
tary.; Wm. M. (U. M. C.) Thomas, Bernard Waters. 
INTRODUCTION. 
"The management of the National Sportsmen's Association, in 
deciding to Hold an inanimate target tournament ui connection 
with its annual Sportsmen's show, iVxarch 2-15. im, hit upon some- 
thing entirely new and starthng m the line ot attractions. When 
first suggested, the scheme did not seem at all practical, hut later 
developments have proved the teasibility of the plan. ; 
The loregomg lines are the hrst paragraph of the introduction 
to the programm.e lor the inanimate target tournament held last 
year under the auspices of the National Sportsmen's Association 
on the roof oJ the ivladison Square Garden. The outcome ot tliat 
tournament, notwithstandrag a more than usual amount ol bad 
weather during the shoot, proved that not only was such a tourna- 
ment practical, but that it was a great attraction to the. non- 
shooting public, as well as to those wno handle shotguns. 
Last year's programme made provision lor three distinct com- 
petitions each day, viz. : The Continuous match, the .Sportsmen s 
Association championship and the sweepstake and special matches. 
The experience gained m 1899 has taught the management that 
special matches and sweepstake events are not possible on the 
programme for UOU: therelore, this year the Continuous matcli- - 
a test of nerve as well as of skill— and the Sportsmen s Associa- 
tion championship— a test of nerve and class ability— will be the 
only features on the programme of the tournament that will be 
held March 1-17, 1900. ^ , , ^ . 
As was tlie case last year, a magautrap, run by an electiic 
motor, will be used to throw the targets. 
The services of Mr. Elmer E. Shaner, manager of the Interstate 
Association, have been specially engaged for this tournament, 
which will be under his sole management. Mr. Shaner s national 
fame in this line is a guarantee that the competitions set forth in 
the programme will be smoothly, fairly and successfully carried 
out He will be assisted by a corps of aides, who have been se- 
lected bv him for their eminent fitness in such matter.s. 
The hours of shooting will be from 10 A. M. to 5 i'. M, on each 
day that the Sportsmen's show is open to the public, with the 
exception ot \V edtiesdavs and Saturdays, on which days, owing 
to the matinees in the Garden Theater, shooting will end at 
1:30 P. M. On these days the Sportsmen's Associalnon champion- 
ship will be the only competition, commencing at 10 A. M., and 
closing at 1:30 P. M. 
The Continuous Match.— Mondays, 1 ue.sdays, Ihursdays and 
Fridays, 10 A. M. to 12:30 P. M.— Four prizes arc donated by the 
National Sporismen's A.ssociation to the four men nialang the 
four longest runs of consecutive breaks in this competition. No 
man can win more than one of these four prizes. No run of 
consecutive breaks made in any otlier competuion will be allowed 
to count for prizes in the Continuous match. All targets will be 
thrown at unknown angles. Entrance fee, 25 cents, in addition 
to cost of targets at IVz cents each. Re-entries unlimited. 
Prizes. — To tlie shooter making the longest run of consecutive 
Ijreaks in this competition will be donated a handsome trophy. 
'To the shooter making the second longest run of conSecutive 
breaks in this competition will be donated a gold medal. ^0 the 
shooter making the third longest run o£ consecutive breaks in this 
competition will be donated a silver medal. To the' shooter making 
the fourth longest run of consecutive breaks in this competition 
will be donated a bronze medah In addition to the above four 
prizes, the management will donate each day a prize to the shooter 
making the longest rtjn of consecutive breaks on that day in this 
competition. 
Sportsmen's Association Championship. — Mondays 1 uesdays,, 
Thursdays and Fridays, 12:30 P. M. to 5 P. M.— Wednesdays and 
Saturdays, 10 A. M, to 1:30 P. M.— Conditions: 100 targets, un- 
known angles, entrance 50 cents, in addition to cost of targets at 
IV2 cents each. Re-entries unlimited. From Thursday, March 1, 
until Friday, March 10, inclusive, except Wednesdays and Satur- 
days, as above mentioned, the traps will be open from 12:30 to 
5 P. M. for shooters to qualify for the final round in the Cham- 
pionship contest, which will take place on Saturday, March 17. 
The conditions of the final round will be 100 targets per man, un- 
known angles, entrance price of targets at l^/^cents each. 
Those eligible to compete in the final round of the Championship 
contest will be the twenty-five shooters having respectively the 
twenty-five highest totals made in the previous "qualifying rounds" 
shot on any of the preceding days of the tournament. 
No shooter can qualify with more than one score, that score 
heing the highest made by him in the "qualifying rounds." 
As re-entries for the qualifj-ing rounds are unlimited, any shooter 
can, during the qualifying rounds, try to better any record made 
by him in previous rounds. 
Prizes. — To the winner in the final round of the Championship 
contest will' be donated a handsome trophy, emblematic of the 
Sportsmen's Association championship. This trophy becomes the 
property of the winner. To the shooter making the second high- 
est score in the Championship contest will be donated a gold 
medal. To the shooter making the third highest score in the 
Championship contest will be donated a silver medal. To the 
shooter making the fourt'n highest score in the Championship 
contest will be donated a bronze medal. In addition to the above 
prizes, the management will donate a prize each day to the shooter 
making the highest score in the qualifying rounds shot on tliat day. 
Special.— A special prize in the shape of a handsome gold medal 
will be given by the National Sportsmen's Association to the 
shooter making the best general average for the Sportsmen's As- 
sociation Championship. 
'To qualify for this prize, a shooter must take part in the com- 
petition every day, his final score for the Sportsmen's Association 
championship being also counted for average. No re-entry score 
will he counted; should a contestant shoot two or more scores 
of 100 targets each day on any one day, his first score on that day 
shall alone be credited for average. 
To the shooter making the second best average under the above 
conditions, will be awarded a silver medal. 
To the shooter making the third best average under the above 
conditions will be awarded a bronze medal. 
Note. — Any question that may arise, and that is not covered by 
the above conditions, will be passed upon and decided by the 
committee. 
Intending contestants can ship guns and shells in care of. James 
C. Young, Madison Square Garden, New York City, 
Baltimore Shootings Association Toofnament. 
Baltimore, Md., Jan. IS.— Again the Baltimore Shooting Asso- 
ciation is in the field for a target and live bird tournament, as has 
been their custom each spring and fall for the past three or four 
years. .By reference to the "Fixture" column it will be observed 
we have claimed the second week in April— 10th to 13th, inclusive— 
as the dates for our regular annual spring totirnament, as that is, 
at the present writing, the only absolutely open week during the 
month. We have endeavored to respect the reservations of other 
"iilubs and a.ssociations throughout the entire tournament section, 
so as to avoid if possible detracting from the attendance at other 
points by selecting dates that were not at that time reserved 
by others, and having chosen an entirely open week we trust we 
may receive that consideration from others as we are always ready 
to extend. 
Twice a year for the past three years has this Association given 
a tournament, not for the purpose of making money, for we do 
not need it, but for the sole purpose of drawing together that 
happiest and most jovial crowd of men that ever assembled to- 
gether, and we have never added less than $200, and at times have 
added as high as $500, with that one object in view. 
In October. 1S98, we decided we would hold a tournament in 
the spring_ of 1S99, and claimed our dates some four or five months 
ahead, thinking our rights would at least be respected by the 
Eastern section of the country; but we found that "white man" 
is just about as uncertain in one locality as another. We had 
selected the week immediately preceding the Grand American 
Handicap, but much to our surprise, just as we were ready to go 
to press with our programme, we found another had claitned the 
same dates, and this, some three or four months subsequent to 
our reservation, with the hope of catching the Western shooters 
in large numbers as they journeyed toward Elkwood Park. We 
at once wrote and called attention to the fact, and requested another 
date be selected; but no. they would not change under any con- 
sideration, nor for anybody. Their action forced us to give way 
and we were compelled to chbo.se the fourth week in April, and 
two weeks iollowing the close of the Grand American Handicap. 
Thic we did, and went to, press with pur programmes, and after 
they were out, and it hecaaie too IJite to' rrtake aiipther change we 
found, much to our cVi!>Krin, that those who had "jumped our 
daim" 9nd forced us M-.'-i- -f-* datec. ]}p„i tlirmscUes been 
forced to abandon entirely their proposed tournament because 
of the apparent utter failure on account of lack of support. Had 
it not been for this display of selfishness on the part of those 
well known among the trapshooting fraternity our spring tourna- 
ment of 1899 would have proved an entire success, as we have 
since learned, whereas it was but poorly supported, causing us 
quite a heavy loss financially and principally owing to the action 
of those referred to. , , . „ , 
We intend to be as liberal in our forthcoming eflcort as has 
characterized our former tournaments in the way of added money, 
and as we have selected dates which have not tip to this time been 
claimed by others, and for that reason ought not to interfere to 
prevent those from coming who may so desire, we trust we shall 
receive the hearty support of all who may desire a pleasant time' 
and a successful shoot. 
Begin right now and make your arrangements to be on hand 
and write lor programmes to the undersigned. Above all things, 
don't forget the dates, namely, April 10, 11, 12 and 13, the week 
immediately following the Grand American Plandicap — two days 
targets and two days live birds, with added money. 
H. P. Collins, Sec'y. 
Monumental Shooting Park, 
Baltimore, Jan. 18.— Editor I'orexl and Stream: Appended find 
clipping from the Baltimore Sun; it explains itself. We -will send 
several thousand invitations, and have aimed to invite shooters 
who have not been proniinent at the traps. 
We are getting up a hindsome souvenir programme, and will 
send one to each rif those invited, also quantity to different nearby 
points for distribution. These programmes will go direct to the 
shooters, particularly the field and water fowl shooters, whom we 
are trying to iiUere.st in trapshooting. Y^ou can aid us, and at 
the same time put your ad. in the hands of men that will be of 
profit to you. A full page ad., $5. 
II. M. Gilbert, Sec'y- 
Monumental Shooting Park, Marine- Bank Building, Baltimore, Md. 
"The invitation shoot and convention in this city, by which it is 
proposed to bring together those interested in the shotgun sport 
at the trap has been arr,-inged for Feb. 15. The shooting will be 
held at Monumental Park, \\ esiport, and the convention at the 
Carrollton Hotel in the evening. 
•"One object of the gathering is to bring together the shooters 
who enjoy the sport on field and water, but who have not been 
prominent at trap work. As has been explained in these columns, 
there are thousands of sportsnien in Maryland who are good shots, 
but who have been outclassed by those who are constantly prac- 
ticing at the traps. The experts have so far outclassed the novices 
1 hat the beginner has had no chance unless he was willing to do 
tt'hat the experts had done — spend much money in learning the 
trapshooting. 
"In the invitation ctwtests a progratmne wilPbe liiadt up ill an 
experimental way by classifying the men. Some good shots have 
failed in their first efforts to score more than one or two birds or 
targets in ten, but have quickly gained the knack and shot in 
higher classes. The present system of handicapping- by distance 
has not brought out these shooters to any extent. Now and then 
a trapshooter has developed from small clubs in the counties. 
"In the evening of the day of the invitation shoot those present 
will be given a chance to suggeM ways and means by which the 
necessary reforms can be accomplished. The Monumental Shoot- 
ing park and club hou.se are to be thrown open during the entire 
season of 1900 free of cost to all shooters of good character. There 
is 10 be no expense for use of grounds, traps or club house. If 
the shooters desire to form classes they can do so, and by rota- 
tion of applications secure certain hours during -which they alone 
can shoot without other cost than that of targets or birds .shot at. 
"These charges are to be the same as are paid on club grounds. 
"It is believed that should sufficient interest be shown, the con- 
vention will be the means of starting many clubs at difterent 
points in this State. In a short while these clubs would be 
strong enough to shoot matches on one another's grounds and 
once or twice yearly a general tournament could be held, the 
marksmen shooting hi classes, those in each class being handi- 
capped. Many other good results will, it is thought, ensue if the 
shooters in the State attend the meeting and give the subject 
their ideas and their moral support. It is not the object to form 
an organization at the meeting, but to swap opinions and get 
acquainted, and revive a sport that belongs to the State. 
"To 261 deputy game wardens of Maryland and others who take 
interest in shooting, making a list of more than 300 persons, the 
following letter has been sent by Mr. Howard M. Gilbert, at the 
Marine Bank Building: 
" 'No doubt you have read the numerous articles in the Balti- 
more Sun relating to the reviving of trapshooting throughout 
our State. We do earnestly and respectfully ask you as a sports- 
man to help us in this undertaking. There will be a meeting at 
the Monumental Shooting Park, Baltimore, Md., Feb. 15, 1900^^ at 
2 P. M,, and in the evening a convention will be held at the Car- 
rollton Hotel, at which time all suggestions to further the interests 
of this sport will be discussed. You and your friends are extended 
a most cordial invitation to be present. If convenient, kindly 
mail me the names and addresses of all the shooters in your im- 
mediate vicinity.' 
"Wlien replies are received from the persons invitations and pro- 
grammes will be mailed to each address given. As there must 
necessarily be many who do not receive invitations or who, re- 
ceiving invitations, cannot be present, they are requested to send 
their views by mail to Mr. Howard M, Gilbert, Secretary, Monu- 
mental Shooting Park.^] 
Boston Gun Club. 
Wellington, }^Ias~s., Jan. 17. — The drop in temperature Wednes- 
day last was fully equalled by the drop in scores ere the conclusion 
of the shooting on Boston Gun Club grounds, at Wellington, Jan. 
17. Both were simply ragged, and very little improvement was 
observable from beginning to end of afternoon. 
No shooter excelled, so all felt resigned perhaps, excepting the 
back-mark man, who, with the wind taking the targets far and 
wide and high up, considered he was "outgunned," then as if to 
prove himself mistaken broke 8 out of 5 pairs, showing it he 
could plant two shots effectively he, as well as his gun, was in all 
probability equal to one even at 21yds. rise. 
A bad wind did manage to make the shooting interesting, but 
those present accepted the conditions with good grace. 
Scores as follows: 
Events : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 
Targets: 10 10 * 10 10 • 10 10 10 10 
Gordon, X7 75687456!j69 
Miskay, IS 9 6 5 6 8 7 8 .. 
Leroy, 21 6 7 5 7 5 8 9 8 8 .. ,. 
Griffiths, 19 7576976368.. 
Howe, 19 57685774479 
Tohns, 16 3 2 2 3 4 5 8 5 7 9.. 
Horace, 18 5 
Baker, 16 5 3 6 8 5 5 9 S 9 ,. .. 
Poor, 15 6 2 .. 2 3 2 
AVilliams, 15 ^ 4.. 6 7 5 
Spencer IS 8 8 3 6 6 3 7 . 
Nos. 3, 6 and 8 were at 5 pairs. 
All events unknown angles, from magautrap. Events 7, 8, 9, 10, 
11, all 16yds. rise. 
Merchandise match, 30 targets, 2^ .stiigles and 5 pairs; distance 
handicap : 
Grifiiths, 19 OOllOnilOllllHllOl— 15 10 11 01 11 01— 7—22 
Leroy, 21 10110111101101110000—12 10 11 11 10 11— 8—20 
Miskay, 18 10011101011001111111-14 11 11 10 10 10— 7—21 
Howe, 19 101101111101100110011-13 10 01 10 11 11— 7—20 
Gordon 17 11100111111111011010—15 00 10 11 10 00— 4—19 
Baker, '16 OlllllllOllOOOHlOlO— 13 10 10 10 01 10— 5—18 
Williams. 15 10011011100110101111—13 11 01 01 10 00— 5— IS 
Spencer, IS 10111100101010111100—12 00 10 01 01 00— 3—15 
Tohns. 16 00101000100100001011— 7 01 00 10 U 01— 5—12 
toor, 15 01000000010000100011— .5 10 00 01 00 00— 2— 7 
The Interstate Assodatton Kaodicap Committee, 
The following communication explains itself: 
New York, Jan. 19.— Editor Forest and Stream! I take pleasure 
in informing you that the gentlemen named below have been 
asked to serve on the Handicap Committee for the Grand Ameri- 
can Handicap next April, and I am al'so pleased to state that I 
have received a favorable reply from, each of the gentlemen named. 
The committee therefore stands: 
Jacob Pentz. of Shooting and Fishing, Chairman. 
B. Waters, of Forest anb Stream. 
W. K. Hobart, of American Field, 
Will K. Park, of Sporting Life. 
Col. T. T. Anthony. Charlotte, N. C. 
C. D. Budd. Des 'Moines, la. 
Slmer E. Shaner, Manager Interstate Association. 
^bWAKD Banks, See'y. 
Ir.t-rMr.ic .'^ ssociaticaa. 
Greater New York Challenge Trophy, 
Rules GoTemiog the Contests for the Greater New Yorfc 
Championship. 
1. This trophy .shall be emblematic of the inanimate target cham- 
pionship of the city of Greater New York, and the competitions, 
therefor shall be open only to bona fide residents of that city. 
2. The conditions governing the first contest shall be open to all 
as per Rule 1, SO artificial targets, unknown angles, or from the 
magautrap; entrance fee the price of targets at the first contest, 
which shall take place at the Brooklyn Gun Club's grounds, on'; 
Feb. 14, 1900. 
3. The winner at the first contest shall be subject to challenge. 
The challengers may be one or more in number, who shall com- 
pete at the same time, and share in a total entrance of ?5 for sub- 
sequent competitions. The winner takes the money and is himself 
subject to challenge for the cup. In case the number of chal- 
lengers at any contest shall exceed five, each additional challenger 
shall pay an entrance fee of $1 and the balance so accruing shall 
be divided into 60 and 40 per cent, tor the second and third high 
guns. In the challenge contests the targets shall be charged for in. 
addition to the entrance fee. All ties shall be shot at 25 target-s 
and under the same rules. 
4. The contests shall all take place on the grounds of the Brook- 
lyn Gun Club grounds until the completion of the Interstate Park,, 
after which they will be shot there, and the rules of the Inter- ' 
state Association shall govern nil points not herein provided lor. 
5. The trophy .shall become the pei=onal property of the shooter 
winning it three times consecutively. 
6. The contests shall take place on the second Wednesday of each 
month. Two weeks' notice of the same must be given to John S. 
Wright, manager of the Brooklyn Gun Club, who, with a com- 
mittee to be appointed by the donors of the trophy, will have- 
charge of the arrangements, appoint a referee and settle all dis- 
putes. 
7. The donors of this trophy t-eserve the right to change the'i 
conditions at any time, it being understood, however, that any 
persons having wins of the cup shall have due credit for the same. 
The committee also have authority to reject any entries which 
may be offered. 
8. The committee above referred to May demand satisfactory [ 
security for the return of the cup. Any winner failing to pro- 
duce it at any contest sliall forfeit hi.s rights in it. 
Committee— W. H. Sanders, W. R. Hobart, John S. Wright, 318- 
Broadway, New York. 
East Side Can Club, of Sagiaaw. 
S.tCTNAW, Mich., Jan. 16.— The first live pigeon shoot, and one 
of the most successful shoots evei" held by the East Side Gun Club, 
was held Tan. 14, when it pulled o£t its fitst livg- pigeon shoot at 
its grounds. ' •• . - 
Over 1,000 people were present, and much interest was shown 
in the events. Three events of 5 birds each were shot. 
All of the birds expected did not arrive, and it somewhat limited 
the number who would participate, but the shoot was not less 
interesting, for the best shots of the city and surrounding places 
were present, and some pretty work was done. ! 
The shoot resulted in a tie between John M. Mesner, of Sag- 
inaw, and John Cotter, of Bay City, each killing 13 out of 15 birds.. 
The tie was shot ofl", iilessner getting 3 out of 4 and Cotter 2 out 
of 3 birds. Tlien the birds gave out, and the result had to be left 
undecided, and the silver mug, w'hich was donated by the club, 
will' be held until some arrangement can be made for shootiiig it 
The scores for -eich 5-bird race are appended: 
Events: 1 2 3 T. Events: 12 3 T. 
J Bopp 2 2 2 6 Ed Carpenter 4 2 3 9 
H G Krigmann.... 3 3 4 10 R Tremper 4 .. .. 4 
W'm M Nouggle... 1 2 2 5 E Heyde 2 4 0 U 
T Wolf, Jr 2 3 .. 5 MY' Baum 3 .. 3 
J Lafayette 2 3 4 B F Felion 4 5.. S 
J Delonge 112 4: F A Bastian....... ..2 2 4 
G Lamb 0 3 3 G W C Held 0 1 1 
J M Messner 4 4 5 14 H Henry 5 .. 5 
G R Endert 3 4 1 ST Martindale ,2 2 
T Cotter 4 5 4 14 F Betts 2 2 
J Wolf, Sr 3 ., .. 3 V Kindler.. 1 1 
C Schmidt 4 2.. 6 John G. Winkler 1 1 
J B Baum 3 6 4 12 
Mr. John cotter has one more bird to shoot. 
JoHH M. Messner. 
Boys haven^t always a great imagination, but most of them have 
a good deal of tenacity. A man wishing to make himself pleasant 
to the little brother of his betrothed, told him to wish for something 
and he would give it to him. "A box of chocolates," said the 
boy. "What else?" asked the generous lover. "Another box of 
chocolates." "Oh, but wish for something else. Your little 
stomach couldn't hold all those chocolates." "Well, then," 'an- 
swered the boy, "another stomach." — Household Words. 
Little Boy (to sister)— Look here, Kitty, we must be very 
naughty to-day, so that we can please mamma by promising on 
her birthday, to-morrow, that we will be better.— Tid-Bits. 
No notice taken ot anouymous conmranlcatlons. 
A, N., New York. — Can you or any of your readers inform me 
how to prevent the hair from falling out from a deer skin rug. 
1 have a very handsome specimen, and have noticed recently that 
the hairs are faliing out very freely. As it is a very fine skin, I 
would be obliged for information as to how to prevent its further 
thinning out. Ans. Possibly if the rug were dipped in a solution 
of alum it might be saved, .Of course the alutn would have to 
be worked out of tVie hair. If the rug is an old one probably the 
hairs are w'earing off. 
J. J, M., Lockport, N. Y.— I have just had an argument with a 
local sportsman regarding the rabbit law for this county (Niagara) 
and come to you as authority to settle the question. The man 
above referred to states that rabbits cannot be killed in this county 
except from the first day of September to the 15tii day of De- 
cember, and that he has the statement of the game protector for 
this district as authority. I have not so construed the law as 
contained in Game Laws in Brief, to which good publication i am 
a subscriber. Ans. As quoted in the Game Laws in Brief, there 
is np la"\v, whatever on hares or rabbits in Niagara county. 
PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. 
Mexico and California. 
FOKTY-SI.X D.WS' TOOK VIA PENNSVLVANIA RAILROAD. 
The Pennsylvania Railroad personally conducted tour to Mexico 
and California, which leaves Ne^y York and Philadelphia en Feb- 
12 (Pittsburg, Feb. 13) by special Pullman train, covers a large 
and intensely interesting portion of North America. Mexico. 
California and Colorado are a mighty trio in all that appeals to and 
fascinates the tourist. 
Stops will be made at San Antonia, Tampico, Guanajuata, Guada- 
lajara, Oueretaro, City of Mexico (five days), Ciiernavaca, Aguasca- 
lientes,~Los Angeles, San Diego, Riverside, Pasadena, Santa Bar- 
Isara, San Jose (Mt. Hamilton), Del Monte, San Francisco (five 
days). Salt Lake City, Colorado Springs, Denver, Chicago and 
other points of interest. Fourteen days will be spent in Mexico 
and nineteen in California. 
The "Mexico and California Special," an exclusively Pullman 
train of Parlor-Smoking, Dining, Drawing-room Sleeping and 
(Observation cars, will be used over the entire route. 
Round-trip rate, including all necessary expenses during entire 
trip 1550 from all points on the Pennsylvania Railroad System 
east of Pittsburg; $545 from Pittsburg. For itinerary and full 
information apply to ticket agents; Tourist Agent. 1196 'Broadway, 
New York; 4 Court street, Brooklyn; 789 Broad street, Newark. 
N. J.; B. Courlaender, Jr., Passenger Agent, Baltimore District, 
Baltimore, Md. : Colin Studds, Passenger Agent Southeastern Dis- 
trict, Washington, D. C. : Thos. E. Watt, Passenger Agent Wes- 
tern District, Pittsburg, Pa.; or address Geo. W. Boyd, Assistant 
General Pa??piiger Agent, Broad Street Station, Pttil?»4elphia,— 
