FOREST AND STRHAM. 
challenge for 1901, but the matter, is still very much in 
doubt. On his return to Glasgow Sir Thomas was 
visited by the exhibition committee and urged to post- 
pone his challenge until 190 1 in order to add to the im.- 
portance of the Clyde races in connection with the ex- 
hibition. He gave no positive answer beyond the state- 
ment that the South African war made his plans for 
sport uncertain. 
The following, from a Canadian paper, is a sample of 
a story sent out from New York to all parts of the 
country. It is needless to say that it is entirely untrue: 
New York, May 7. — For the defense of the America's 
Cup in igoi a yacht is to be selected under new condi- 
tions. Instead of two yachts competing for the high 
privilege of defending the Cup, against a foreign chal- 
lenger, there will be six, and they are to begin the tests 
soon, and continue them from now until the yachting 
season of the present year comes to a close. That does 
not mean, however, that the winning craft is to enter 
the lists as the defender. It means the owner of the 
successful sloop is to have extended to him by the New 
York Club the courtesy of building the defender, and 
on the shoulders of the Herreshoffs is to. rest the re- 
sponsibility of maintaining the yachting supremacy. 
One-Design Classes in France. 
At two of the Mediterranean ports — Marseilles and 
Nice — one-design, or, as they are called in_ Europe, 
"monotype," classes, have been established this spring, 
and we reproduce from Le Yacht the two designs. That 
for the Societe Nautique de Marseilles is a small keel 
knockabout, designed by Leon Sebille, of Marseilles, who 
in connection with Mr. Bourelly is building the fleet. 
Freeboard — 
Bow ift. 8 in. 
Least .............................. ift 2 in. 
Counter ift. 35^in. 
Draft- 
Hull 8 in. 
With board 3ft, 3 in. 
Mainsail , . 144 sq. ft. 
Jib 49 sq. ft. 
Total 193 sq. ft. 
Mast— 
From fore end of L.W.L 4ft. 2 in. 
Deck to hounds '. 17ft. 8 in. 
Boom 14ft. 
Gaff 7ft. 9 ii] 
New Factors in Yacht Measure- 
ment. 
The following is from the Yachtsman of April 26: 
The Forest and Stream, continuing its comments on 
Col. Bucknill's displacement rule, comes to the conclu- 
sion that no measurement rule will be satisfactory which 
does not take cognizance of the relation between d.o- 
placement and the two dimensions of breadth and draft. 
Length, however, must form some part of every scheme, 
and if length, breadth, draft, sail and displacement are 
all to pose in the ideal formula, then the official meas- 
urers will be deserving of pity. It seems to us that all 
must admit the desirability of making displacement the 
main factor in measurement, and also the great difficulty 
of doing so in the larger classes. If some means were 
obtainable whereby the actual amount of water displaced 
use of many factors, we would call attention to the 
formula proposed several years ago by Mr. John Hyslop, 
and frequently quoted in the Forest and Stream. This 
formula was devised with the express purpose of meet- 
ing that inherent weakness of the present rules which 
Mr. Hyslop was the first to point out — the failure to 
take cognizance of dimensions used wholly or mainly 
as levers and not as legitimate elements of size (displace- 
ment). This is conspicuously the case in the fin-keel 
type, where stability is obtained by a moderate weight 
hung on a very long, vertical lever; and in the Skow 
type where the same end, of carrying sail in excess, is 
attained by the weight of the crew on a long horizontal 
lever, the extreme deck breadth. The use of moderate 
or even light displacement is not of necessity a crying 
evil any more than it is an unmixed advantage to use 
displacement in excess. The trouble begins when a long 
lever, entirely unrelated to the legitimate dimensions of 
the hull, is used to give power out of proportion to 
those hull dimensions. It is easily possible to design a 
wholesome and thoroughly serviceable vessel on a com- 
paratively small breadth and draft of hull, provided she 
is sparred in proportion; such a vessel may be better 
suited to certain ends than others of double her dis- 
placement. 
While we agree with the Yachtsman on the general 
principle that displacement must be recognized in some 
way as one of the vital elements in measurement, when 
it comes to the immediate question of the form of 
rule we do not consider that displacernent alone is either 
necessary or desirable. In order to produce the so-called 
"wholesome boat" or general fast cruiser as distinguished 
from the racing m_achine— the alleged aim of many at the 
present time — it is not necessary to place a positive 
premium on the amount of displacement. What is really 
needed is to establish some relation between the displace- 
nient, whether it be little or great, and the accompanying 
dimensions. 
2 
3 
=1 ' 
MONOTYPE DESIGN F 
seven bejfig ordered at the start. The cost is 900 francs 
each, or $225. The dimensions are: 
Length — 
Over all 31ft. 3 in. 
L.W.L. ............................ i8ft. 4 in. 
Overhang — 
Bow ..... ...................... aft. 3 in. 
Counter 10 in. 
Breadth— 
* Extreme 6ft. 5 in. 
L.W.L 5ft. Sysin. 
Freeboard — 
Bow 2ft. 4 in. 
Least ift. 9 in. 
Counter 2ft. 
Draft 3ft. 3^in- 
Displacement 2,42olbs. 
Lead keel 49Slbs, 
Sail area 290 sq. ft. 
Mast— 
From fore end of L.W.L 4ft. 8 in. 
Deck to hounds 17ft. 3 in. 
Bowsprit, beyond end of L.W.L 3ft. 6 in. 
Boom i6ft. 8 in. 
Gaff J 9ft. 2 in. 
Hoist 12ft. 5 in. 
There is no cabin trunk, but the cuddy has a head 
room of 2ft. 9in., with a low transom on each side. The 
lines of the yacht are very fair and easy, and promise 
speed. The after overhang is probably cut off to save 
expense and weight, but with the lines run out fairly to 
make a neat counter and the addition of a cabin trunk 
the yacht would make a fine little single-hand cruiser. 
As they stand, the little fleet will be useful for fishing 
and afternoon sailing, as well as class racing, the imme- 
diate end in view. 
The design for the Club Nautique de Nice is of the 
centerboard type and smaller; it was made by Mr. F. 
Picamilh, of Bordeaux, an amateur who has done some 
very good work in the designing competitions of the 
Yachtsman. The cost is 578 francs, or $145, and the 
boats are building by Joineau & Son, Bordeaux, The 
dimensions are; 
Length- 
Over ail ........ . . . i6ft. d in, 
L.W.L, , 13ft. _ 8 in. 
Overhang — 
Bow if I. 8 in. 
Counter ift. 
Brendtli — 
Extreme 6ft. 
L.WX 5ft. J in. 
R SOCIETE NANTIQUE DE MARSEILLE. BY LEON i 
by large yachts could be determined, we believe that a 
rule satisfactory to every one could be quickly formulated. 
Some of our engineering readers might devote a little 
thought to this subject. For instance, if a dock were 
made just large enough to take the biggest racing yacht, 
she might be floated in, her waterline marked, the gates 
closed and the water pumped out, or allowed to run out 
at low tide, being measured by some form of meter. The 
capacity of the dock being known, the yacht's displace- 
ment would be easily obtained. Of course, the dock 
would be costly to make, but it would be useful for other 
purposes, and some of our large builders would, no 
doubt, be glad to undertake its formation for very much 
less than the actual cost provided they had the use of it 
except when required for measurement purposes. One 
such dock would be ample for all our clubs, the small 
classes being actually weighed, as suggested by Col. 
Bucknill. , 
Believing, as we firmly' do, that no rule 'vyifl be found 
thoroughly ■ satisfactory until displacement is measured, 
we think that '^ome attention should be given to the 
possibility of doing so. 
Ill an,>^^\el■ to the objections of the Yachtsman, as 
^.bvvc t.o the complication and diffictOty attending tlic 
3ILLE, ESQ., 1900. 
Taking conditions as they exist to-day, we will assume 
two owners with yachts of good displacement— the same 
in both cases, and closely similar breadth, draft and 
m.odel— the two yachts being further approximately equal 
in sail area and speed. It is open to either owner under 
the present rule to alter his yacht by recasting his lead, 
adding a fin beneath the present hull and to utilize the 
power thus gained by means of a greatly enlarged sail 
plan. In so doing there is no improvement in designing, 
the yacht is not bettered except in speed — in fact, is in- 
jured for other work than racing; the owner merely takes 
advantage of a recognized weak spot in the rules, and 
no good whatever is accomplished. At the present 
time precisely such a change is being made in a well- 
known schooner, and though there are certain reasons 
why it may not be entirely successful, it may be that 
there will be a material gain "in speed under average racing 
conditions. It must be clear that in such a case as this 
displacement does not enter, nor would any rule such as 
has been proposed by the advocates of displacement alone 
reach the case. 
On the other hand, Mr. Hyslop's proposed formula 
was designed expressly for such a case, which is a 
typical one. The leading feature of this formula is the 
introduction of a new element, the relation between the 
area of the midship section and the two dimensions — 
breadth and draft— on which the section is, so to speak, 
constructed. The actual area of the midship section may 
be great or little without effect on the result, but if the 
breadth and draft be moderate and in proportion to the 
other elements of the design, the final measurement will 
be decreased, while if they be excessive, for the mere 
purpose of gaining extra power, the result will be in- 
creased. 
' Returning to our supposititious case, the two yachts will 
nt the start stand on an equality under the proposed 
formula as under the present rule; when, however, one 
owner adds the fin and thus increases his draft, at the 
same time retaining the old area of section, the increase 
of the ratio of the dimensions to the area will at once add 
to the yacht's measurement. It seems obvious that 
such is only fair, that the owner who makes the altera- 
tion .should pay some just price for the longer lever he 
is using, as compared with his opponent, to do the same 
useful work. 
The underlying principle of this formula is that each 
man should pay a fair price for the possibilities of speed 
involved in the use of breadth and draft to give power. 
In the moderate type of yacht, such as Volunteer and 
Miners ii with displacement and all dimensions har- 
moniously proportioned to Fcive a good all-round ship a? 
wpII a sneedy one, the fOrm is compact, the arc.i of 
tntdsh'p section is large for the length of waterline and 
