THE SCJENT1S'!\ 
151 
First the construction cl5iim> uttention 
iind admiration . 1 he frame is made^ up 
of a central axis, the spinal cohinin, con- 
sist! n^^of a number of light com pact pieces 
adjusted in curves with pads or bumpers 
between to lessen shock, it is adjustable 
in every direction. From this central 
axis there are developed out in two di- 
rection^arches, liaematic and neural, to 
give support and protection to the work- 
ing parts of the mechanism. 
At tlie top when the bodj^ is erect 
the working position the neural 
arches are expanded into broad plates, 
supporting and protecting the observing 
and governing apparatus of the mechan- 
ism tne brain and medulla obongata while 
haemaric arches of the sauie, are expan- 
ded and arranged to do like service for 
the receiving apparatus, for sound, light 
taste and smell impressions and 
to support the smoke stack,- fresh 
air inlet, the nose fuel receiv r 
the mouth and the sound making 
apparatus, vocal cords and 
larynx. Below- these pieces of the axip, 
the neural arches protect the apparatus 
adjusting and protecting the various 
parts of the machine, the spinal column, 
while the haematic arches develop into 
a series of over lapping arches to support 
and protect the blast apparatus, lungs^ 
the fuel preparation, mechanism the 
stomach, liver, pancreas and small in- 
testines and the central engine of the hy- 
drolic apparatus, the heart. To the up- 
per part of these arches and developed 
from them are long working levers, the 
upper extremities. Below these pieces 
the haematic arches are expanded to pro- 
tect the cinder box, the rectum and large 
bowells, the ash receiver, the bladder the 
model making apparatus, the reproduc- 
tive organs. And from this end of the 
central axis, and as appendages to these 
arches we have another set of working 
levers, the lower extremities. 
In this outline of the construction we 
will not enter into bewildering details 
but onh' call attention to the simplicity 
of plan and wide adaptability, and 
fitness to ends. 
The second consideration in the frame 
is the material, strength and stiffness. 
In material we again have extreme 
simplicity. The frame is made up of 
1, connective tissues, giving support to 
the working units, 2, epithelial cells. 3, 
muscular cells, 4, nervous cells. But just 
novvwe will consider only the material of 
theframe (the ge bund webe of the Ger- 
man) the connective tissue, 
When containing a large per centage 
of solids 998 in 1000 parts largely in- 
organic it constitutes bone, which has a 
resistance to tiaction ot 7.76 kilograms 
to the square millimeter of sur- 
faces a resistance to pressure varying 
from 4.33 kilograms in the bones of the 
aged to 15.03 kilograms in a man of 30 
years to che square millimeter, the coeffl- 
cent of elasticity 2264, as compared with 
cast steel, having an elasticity of 19,881 . 
This tissue with a 'ess per centage of in- 
organic solids constitutes the cushion be- 
tween the pieces of the frame, the liga- 
ments binding the parts together, the 
elastic tissue encasing the working 
units, the muscle, nerve and ghuid cells, 
and the tendons that transmit foi-ce to 
the working pieces. 
Containing fat in its meshes it acts as 
protecting pads in various parts of the 
body and under the skin, where it has 
the additional function of being the 
place of storage for reserve fuel, so that 
in using coal bunkers for protective ar 
mor of war ships, is only doing what 
has been done in the human body. 
This machine in the prone postuie is 
of the greatest stability, as probably all 
of you, who have ever attempted to turn 
or lift up a companion in a faint, or a 
drunken man have found from experience 
yet in this posture there is the greatest 
economy of expenditure of force nec- 
essary to maintain, the necessary resis- 
tance to gravity and other forces of na- 
