GRAPE VINES 53 
nent part about the vine, for all the other canes are pruned off after 
they have made their second season's growth. , -no 
The following systems of training are: The Improved Kmffin Sys- 
tem, which is used in the Central, Northern, and Eastern States for prac- 
tically all varieties except Delaware, which does not make a very heavy 
growth. The Low Renewal System, which is simple and is considered by 
many the best for the southern part of the United States, or wherever it 
is extremely hot during the summer, as the permanent arm is short and 
very little of it exposed to the hot rays of the sun. For weak-growers like 
the Delaware, the Low Renewal System is used successfully. 
Thf Tmnrnvpfl The spring of the second year after the planting all of 
-xi o i the shoots are cut off except one, which is to be the 
Kniinn bystem permanent trunk. This is trained to a temporary 
stake. Two shoots are allowed to grow out from the permanent trunk 
about 2 feet above the ground, so that later they can be trained in both 
directions along the bottom wire of the trellis. Two more shoots are 
allowed to grow out at about 4 feet above the ground, so that they may 
be trained in both directions along the top wire of the trellis. The main 
or central stem is pinched back a little above the two upper shoots, which 
brings the top of the central trunk about in line with the top of the trellis 
4 feet above the ground. The third year after planting the trellis should 
be made; two strands of No. 9 or No. 10 gauge galvanized wire, one about 
2 feet above the ground, and the other 4 feet above the ground, are fast- 
ened to the windward side of the post with wire staples. One post for 
every three vines is sufficient. Eight-foot posts set 1 ^ feet deep are 
preferred, and they should be double-braced at each end of the row. 
The spring of the third season there should be a main central trunk 
with two canes which run in each direction along the lower trellis, and 
two in each direction along the upper trellis. These should be tied along 
the wire the coining season, to prevent their hanging down. The fruit 
will be borne on the small shoots that grow from the four lateral canes 
early in the spring. 
The fourth winter cut off these four-year-old laterals, except the 
four young canes growing from them near the central trunk, two starting 
from the main stalk near the bottom wire, and two near the top wire. 
Also cut back a young cane to a spur with two or three buds near the 
base of each of these four yearling canes. The yearling canes will bear 
fruit the next year, while this spur will develop a cane which will bear 
fruit the year after. Where the vine is not making a vigorous growth, 
the number of these arms can be lessened or the canes can be shortened 
back to four or eight buds, thus preventing the vines bearing too heavily. 
If the vineyard is allowed to over-produce one year, it will bear a light 
crop the next season. 
At the end of each growing season you will have a permanent central 
stalk or stem reaching from the ground to the top of the trellis. Half-way 
up the stalk there will be two arms two years old; growing from this side 
arm there will be a number of young canes, one of which will be loft to 
bear fruit the coming season. The two-year-old side cane will be cut off 
with all of its one-year-old branches except the one which should be left 
to bear the fruit next year. Then 4 feet from the ground there are also 
two yearling canes and two spurs, one of each running in each direction 
along the top wire. 
Tht^ Tow 'Rpripwal The Low Renewal Method is well suited to the 
J.UC i^uw ivciicwai Labrusca varieties, which are grown principally 
Methoa for table use, as Moore's Early, Concord, Wor- 
don etc. It is especially suited to the central and southern United States, 
where the summers arc hot. It provides for annual renewal and a short 
