SPRAYING 
73 
them at that time. As another example, the cold days of the spring will 
delay the appearance of codling moth. For that reason you should delay 
your spraying accordingly. 
In the following pages we have outlined a system of spraying for 
apple and peach which gives a number of combined sprays that will con- 
trol most of the insects and fungous diseases of those particular varieties. 
13ut no complete outline can be given that will cover all the details of each 
case. For that reason, to be most successful, study the special needs of 
your orchard. This is better than following the cut-and-dried formula 
blindly, without knowing why you do certain things. Study the needs 
and habits of the different varieties of fruits in your orchard. For ex- 
ample, the Ben Davis family of apples are more subject to "Bordeaux 
spray injury" than some others. This is especially true where the climate 
is humid. These varieties have not suffered seriously from attacks of 
scab, bitter rot, or other fungous diseases on the fruit. For that reason 
they would not require spraying with Bordeaux as often as many other 
varieties. Leaf spot is the worst fungous disease of the Ben Davis family, 
but this can be easily controlled. 
Spray thoroughly. If a small branch is overlooked, it may infect the 
entire tree. Watch the men doing the work, see that the tree is sprayed 
from all sides, as well as from below and above. Spray at the right time. 
Fungous diseases and insects all pass through several stages of develop- 
ment and at certain times in their life history they can be killed by spray- 
ing. For that reason the spray should be applied at the critical time 
when the pest is vulnerable. Have all spraying apparatus ready before- 
hand. See that the various connections are tight, the hose in good shape, 
and the pumps and engine in working order. 
Except in case of spraying the apple for codling moth, do not spray 
when the trees are in bloom, unless you wish to reduce the yield of fruit. 
Have a supply of all spray materials necessary for that particular 
work. Keep them in a place where they can not possibly be used by 
mistake, and have them carefully labeled. 
Arsenical spray should not be applied to fruits within two weeks 
before they are to be picked. 
Insurance is as valuable in the fruit-growing business as in others, 
and spraying is one of the best forms of insurance. Even though an 
orchard has no apparent sign of San Jose scale and other insects, it should 
be sprayed at least once a year, during the winter, with boiled lime- 
sulphur solutions or an oil emulsion. 
If there are any fungous diseases or insects, but little or no iruit that 
particular season, spray just the same, so that there will be healthy buds 
and few insects for the next season. 
Injury to Foliage Bordeaux thixture sometimes injures both leaf and 
Causpd bv fruit, causing a characteristic russeting on the 
r' . " latter. Sometimes this is due to a poorly made 
Spraying mixture. However, there are cases when it is un- 
avoidable. These unavoidable cases usually occur during hot, moist 
weather, but this is the time that the spray is needed most, and should be 
on the trees. Prepare the mixture carefully, and in spraying cover the 
trees with a thin film, but do not drench them with Bordeaux mixture, 
especialh' during hot weather. Watch the preparation of each batch of 
mixture. Most failures are due to carelessness in preparing the mixtures 
and lack of thoroughness in applying the spray to the plants. 
Apple Spraying 
Many of the insect poisons, such as lead arsenate, can be combined 
and applied at the same time with fungous sprays, as Bordeaux mixture 
and lime-sulphur. By combining these and making a certain number of 
