192 
FOREST AND STREAM, 
[Sept. 8, 1900. 
county judges are connected with the Dennysville Lum- 
ber Company, owing to quite a disturbance having been 
created over local wholesale poaching of the salmon, 
which were caught illegally, complaints were lodged, and 
the lumber company were compelled to build a fishway, as 
the old one was not deemed to be a fit or proper one. 
cheap and accommodations homelike and fair, but the 
territory is in the hands of the Philistines. 
Our only hope of salvation is that among some of your 
interested readers there will arise some philanthropic 
David, who will study the situation, see the benefit ho 
will be doing humanity and subdue GoHath, or inform 
vour readers as to how to go about it to do the same. 
Taxpayer. 
Cannot Be Measured in Coin* 
Occasionally, and without giving the matter due con- 
sideration, people characterize our great trout breeding 
establishments as mere toys, playthings for the benefit of 
the rich or idle. Point to the unanswerable statistics of 
the' marine, the salmon and Great Lakes hatcheries, and 
ask triumphantly, "Where are yours?" There are some 
things in the world whose value cannot be measured even 
in coin of the realm. The statistics of the brook trout 
are graven on the heart. 
In the Koran there is a passage reading thus: "If a 
man have two loaves, let him sell one and buy a lily; 
bread feedeth the body, but the lily is food for the soul." 
So it is. In pursuit of the brook trout, in wandering mid 
field and forest, by shady brook and rushing mountain 
torrent, in communion with nature in her wilder, grander 
moods, the weary souls of countless thousands have been 
refreshed and strengthened into truer, better and nobler 
lives. — W. T. Thompson in paper read before the Amer- 
ican Fisheries Society, 
MwIIet in the Colorado. 
On the third of this month a large number of mullet 
were taken in the Colorado at this place. They were 
taken mostly by the Indians with dip nets. This fish is 
said to be very abundant at the mouth of the river, about 
150 miles below here, but so far as 1 can learn they seldom 
reach this locality. A number also entered the Gila chan- 
nel. One jumped into a boat. It measured 15 inches 
long from the point of its nose to the end of its upper 
tail fin, and weighed 17 ounces. 
A salmon {Phyctrocheilus lucius, Girard), weighing 21 
pounds, was taken in the Colorado this morning. Be- 
cause of the late rains in the country the river water is 
running almost red. Pima. 
Yuma, Ariz , Aug 24. 
A 67-Pound Drum Fish. 
Long Beach, L. I., Sept. 3. — A local fisherman who was 
fishing in the surf for bass, hoqked what he believed to be 
a small whale. After a lively struggle the fish was 
brought near enough to the shore for bathers to get a 
hold of it, and it was dragged up on the beach. It was 
a drum fish weighing 67 pounds, and was 43 inches long by 
13 inches in circumference. It was a remarkably fine 
specimen, and one of the lai^gest fish ever caught in this 
vicinity. 
Whe Mmnet 
Fixtures, 
FIELD TRIALS. 
Sept. 6-7. — Brandon, Manitoba, Can. — Third annual field trials of 
the Brandon Kennel Club. Dr. H. J. Elliott, Sec'y- 
Sept. 11. — Carmen, Manitoba, Can. — Fourteenth annual field trials 
of the Manitoba Field Trials Club. Eric Hamber, Sec'y. Winnipeg, 
Manitoba, Can. 
Oct 30.— Senecaville, O. — Monongahela Valley Game and Fish 
Protective Association's sixth annual field trials. A. C. Peterson, 
Sec'y, Homestead, Pa. 
Nov. 7.— Hampton. Conn. — Connecticut Field Trials Club's field 
trials. J. E. Bassett. Sec'y, Bo.\ 603, New Haven, Conn. 
Nov. 7-S.— Lake View, Riich.— Third annual field trials of the- 
Michigan Field Trials Association. E. Rice. Sec'y, Grand Rapids, 
Mich. 
Nov. 12. — Bicknell, Ind. — Third annual field trials of the In- 
dependent Field Trials Club. P. T. Madison, Sec'y, Indianapolis, 
Ind 
Nov. 13.— Chatham, Ont. — Twelfth annual field trials of the In- 
ternational Field Trials Club. VV. B. Wells, Hon. Sec'y. 
Nov. 16.— N™ton, N. C— Eastern Field Trials Club's twenty- 
second annual field trials — Members' Stake. Nov. 19, Derby. 
Simon C. Bradley, Sec'y. Greenfield Hill, Conn. 
No. 20. . . — Illinois Field Trials Association's second 
annual field trials. O. W. Ferguson. Sec'y, Mattoon, III. 
Nov. 20. — Ruthven. Ontario, Can.— Second annual field trials of 
the North American Field Trials Club. F. E. Marcon, Jr., Sec'y, 
W indsor, Ontario, Can. 
Nov. 20. . Pa.— Central Beagle Club's annual field trials. A. 
C. Peterson, Sec'y. Homestead. Pa. 
Nov. 22. — Glasgow. Ky.— Kentucky Field Trials Club's annual 
field trials. Barrel Gibson. Sec'y. Louisville, Ky. 
Nov. 27. — Paris, Mo. — Fourth annua' field" trials of the Missouri 
'Field Trials Association. L. S. Kddins, Sec'y, Sedalia, Mo. 
Nov. 30.— Newton. N. C— Continental Field Trials Club's sixth 
annual field trials — Members' Stake. Dec. 3, Derby. Theo, 
Sturges, Sec'y, Greenfield Hill. Conn, 
Trainmj? the Huntinq- Dog 
For the Field and Field Trials. 
I. — General Principles. 
Dog training, considered as an art, has no mysteries, 
no in.surmountable obstacles, no short cuts to success. 
By certain methods, man simply appropriates the efforts 
of the dog to his own service. Once that his prey is 
found, man has great powers of destruction ; btit as com- 
pared to the dog, he is distinctly inferior as a finder. By 
concerted action, man and dog can find and capture much 
more than they could if working independently. In his 
search for prey, the dog's purpose is distinctly selfish, as 
is rnan's, but being much inferior he m.ust needs take the 
position of servant. However, his pleasure in the pursuit 
is so great that, even if denied possession after the prey 
is captured, there is still sufficient incentive to satisfy 
his self-interest and generally he is content to exercise 
his best effort for the pleasure he feels, with some hopes 
to share in the fruits. 
The dog is gregarious by nature, and prefers to hunt in 
packs; but the concerted action of the pack, in the effort 
to capture its prey, is not the'inariiier best adapted to the 
requirements of the sportsman. In the pack, the dog mayj 
in the efforts of a common purpose, recognize and defer 
more or less to a leader; but, while this characteristic to 
hunt in company is of value to the sportsman, the manner 
of its exercise to best serve his purpose must be subjected 
to much modification and restriction in some of its parts. 
The dog, when working to the gun, must take a part so 
distinctly secondary that it is that of servant. To suppress 
or restrict his inclination to take the leading part so far 
as it is against the best interests of the gun, and to 
school him in some special knowledge for its advantage, 
constitute an education called training or breaking. 
The art of dog training is acquired by intelligent study 
and practice, as proficiency in any other art is acquired. 
All who have the time, talent and industry may become 
skillful as dog trainers, as all who have these qualifica- 
tions may become skillful in any other accomplishment, 
trade or profession. But, in the education of the dog. as 
in the education of boys and girls and men and women, 
there is no educational system which compensates for 
ignorance and inefficiency if deeply grounded on the part 
of the teacher, nor for incapacity on the part of the 
pupil. There must, at least, be the ability to learn how 
to convey knowledge on the one hand, and on the other 
the ability to receive it. else there can be no proper 
progress. 
The mental capacity of the dog and the knowledge 
necessary to serve him througltout his life are infinitely 
less than those which are necessary to man, but none 
the less his manner of acquiring knowledge is in a way 
similar to the manner employed by man in his own efforts 
in that respect. 
Some years ago, when the ability to train a dog was 
considered as being in the realm of the marvelous, _ it 
was looked upon as a "gift," a something of capability 
conferred by nature, and quite independent of experience. 
At the present day, sportsmen have no faith in the skill 
of him whose knowledge is only such as Is innate from 
birth. On the other hand, any system held forth as 
having some inherent virtue, whereby a dog may be 
trained quickly and thoroughly regardless of his capacity 
to receive training or his trainer's capacity to give it de- 
notes that the advocate of such, system is very simple 
concerning the matter of which he treats or else is not 
over scrupulous as to the manner of treating it. 
■ While this work will fully set forth a description of 
the natural qualities of the dog. their relation to field 
work, and the best manner of diverting them from the 
dog's own purposes to the purposes of the sportsman, suc- 
cess in the application of this system depends entirely on 
the trainer himself. Some natural capability on his part 
with some experience to supplement it is essential before 
any substantial progress is reasonably to be expected. 
The mere reading of a work on dog training, and some 
hit or miss attempts at appIjHng its precepts, do ttot con- 
stitute an education in the art. An accomplished dog 
trainer is not the product of some hours of reading with 
thereto added a few more hours of trouble with a dog. 
He who acquires the art must acquaint himself with 
dog nature, with the details of practical field work as they 
relate to setters and pointers, and, to a reasonable de- 
gree, with the manner of imparting knowledge to a crea- 
ture so much lower in the scale of inteHgence than him- 
self, He, furthermore, must specially school hira'^elf in 
the quality of self-restraint ; for in the attempt to govern 
man or dog, it is essential that the governor learn to 
govern himself. However good the instruction may be in 
iLseit, It m no wise can compensate for the inefficiency 
consequent to ill temper if the latter be exhibited. In short, 
no treatise can do more than set forth what should be done 
and what should not be done. 
In dog training, as in all other branches of human 
effort, there are men who are eminently efficient and men 
who are otherwise, and yet the man who is eminent in one 
profession may be distinctljf incompetent in all others. 
Apart from these extremes, the average man may atta'n to 
useful, practical efficiency as a trainer. To determine 
whether one can train or not, it is necessary to make the 
attempt, for without such trial one cannot know definitely 
anything concerning his ability. 
While this work will treat fully of the dog's capabilities 
and the proper maimer of conducting his education for 
the service of the gun, from the foregoing remraks it is 
clear that the matter of patience, industry, perseverance, 
good temper and talent lies with the trainer himself. Inci- 
den'ally, it may be remarked in respect to patience and 
good temper, that no one can train dogs successfully 
without them, or. at least, a partial equivalent in per- 
severance and self-control. Yet while they are prime 
requisites, they are oftenest the least observed by the im- 
petuous amateur. 
Hurry and harshness always seriously retard the dog's 
education instead of advancing it. In most instances 
the beginner gives the dog an order, then hastily proceeds 
in a conversational way to tell him what it all means, and , 
failing to accomplish his purposes in a moment, he be- 
comes irritated,' warm and inclined to use force. If the 
dog struggles to escape from what is so amazing and pain- 
ful to him, yet from what was intended to be an instruc- 
tive lesson it begets anger and this in turn begets violence. 
The transition from the A B C's to a flogging is commonly 
very quick, in the first attempts. Being advised so fully 
on this point, the beginner should exercise the greatest 
care in observing self-control and an intelligent considera- 
tion of the dog's powers ; but strange to say, the advice is 
at first rarely heeded. 
Sooner or later, the trainer must learn that punishing 
a puppy teaches it nothing useful ; that it evokes distrust 
and resentm_ent ; that it lessens or destroys all affection for 
the trainer and all interest in his purposes; and that 
when fear dominates the puppy, he, being in a disorganized 
state of mind, is incapable of learning even the simplest 
lessons. When in this state, his confidence must be re- 
stored by kind treatment, and then a greater degree of 
patience and self-restraint is necessary than was neces- 
sary before. 
If the amateur would consider the days when he was a 
pupil at school himself, he would thereby better grasp the 
disadvantages under which the puppy labors. With a bet- 
ter intellect, with the advantages of a language both oral 
and written, and with more years at school than would 
measure twice the age of the average old dog, the average 
boy makes slow progress even in the rudiments. If, in- 
stead of patient teaching, the teacher shook him by the 
collar, cuffed his ears or kicked him in the ribs as the 
true method of conveying knowledge, no sensible person 
■would expect the boy to learn much ; indeed, corporal 
punishment, even as a corrective, has been almost entirely 
abolished in the public schools. And yet the same patient 
effort on the part of the teacher in educating the boy is 
much the same as that to be observed in the education 
of the dog. 
Dog training, in any of its particulars, ts not a matter 
of set forms and arbitrary methods. Each particular 
pupil should be developed according to his inidvidual char- 
acteristics. There are hundreds of little differences of 
dog character and capabilities to be noted and considered, 
and until the trainer can perceive, understand and take 
advantage of them, his attempts to teach will be more or 
less arbitrary and mechanical. He may now and then 
have some success with an arbitrary method which hap- 
pens to fit a certain dog's peculiarities, but it is merely a 
happening. It requires but little thought to perceive 
that it is absurd to apply a set method alike to the nervous, 
the weak, the stupid, the intelligent, the lazy, the timid, 
the slow, the industrious, etc., for such must result in 
many failures. 
Methods therefore should be adapted to the circum- 
stances of _(»ach individual case, compromising as much as 
possible with the idiosyncrasies of the pupil with a view 
to obtain the best results and not with a view to main- 
tain any arbitrary method. By kindness, and not attempt- 
ing to force progress beyond the dog's capacity success 
will result in every case where it is possible. Nothing 
progressive in learning can be expected of the mentally 
weak, the constitutional loafer, or the dog whose nose 
is functionally incapable of serving up to the require- 
ments. 
So far as the dog's education is concerned, the trainer 
may proceed on the theory that the dog learns only from 
practical experience; that all the advantages of oral 
commAtnication possessed by man, excepting a few of 
limited degree, are denied to him; that his intellect and 
his ability to learn readily are far inferior to those of 
his teacher; that he needs time in which to learn, as did 
his teacher before him, and that in the matter of force 
against force he is practically helpless. Let the lessons 
be prepared and taught with a recognition that his puppy- 
hood corresponds to infancy, and thereby afford him an 
opportunity to learn them from his standpoint The 
teacher's standpoint, if it ignore dog nature and dog in- 
tellect, may be incomprehensible to him. 
The beginner should also bear in mind that the dog's 
education proceeds on- certain lines regardless of the 
terms used to denote it. Thus the terms "training" and 
"breaking" have a common application. As commonly 
used, their significance is synonymous. Either one, how- 
ever, apart from their technical significance, could be 
construed as having distinct meanings. For instance, it 
may be considered that a dog is trained to do what is 
right and broken from doing what is wrong. Theoretic- 
ally, the former may not presuppose any punishment at 
all, while the latter may presuppose more or less; prac- 
tically, the theory is a failure, Several writers have drawn 
a fine distinction between the words as they relate to 
training, as though therein lay the fundamental principles 
of the art, though it is quite independent of any juggle 
of words. A dog trains on without punishment if he 
does not need it; if he does need it, it should be given to 
him. Some dogs require very little punishment; some 
require a great deal. If he needs punishment, punish 
him ; if he does not, do not punish him. The amateur may 
take his choice of terms, but this is the correct procedure 
u:\der either; it is all a matter of training or a matter of 
breaking or a matter of both as the trainer pleases. How- 
ever, at no time does a dog need punishment simply be- 
cause the trainer is angry at him. It then is a matter en- 
tirely distinct from training. Venting anger on a dog is 
tin proper part of his education. 
The dog is naturally fond of company. He prefers the 
society of his fellows, though he recognizes the domination 
of man, and has a profound affection for him.._ Neverthe- 
less, his purposes when seeking prey are quite independent 
of man and quite selfish, when they have their unchecked 
natural play. He may love his master with a fervor 
unlimited, but all that is no factor when he is in hot 
pursuit of a rabbit. From the untrained dog's point of 
view, the chase and its possibilities are strictly a matter 
between himself and the rabbit,* in manner similar to 
the relation between dog and dinner; and the whistle, loud 
commands and praise, he then alike ignores. This self- 
interest displayed by the dog is an important factor in his 
training, for there must always be sufficient incentive 
of a selfish nature to induce his best effort. 
There are writers who solemnly affirm that the instinct 
to hunt is by nature implanted in the dog for the benefit 
of man. or at least such small number of men relatively as 
can sally forth afield to kill birds. The nature and acts 
of the dog oppose this egotistical assertion on every point. 
The dog never enjoys himself better than when on a self- 
hunting outing; the proceeds of his efforts he needs and 
uses for food when he is permitted to do so and when 
on his predatory excursions he rather avoids than seeks 
the com.pany of man. 
In a wild state he seeks his prey in a manner similar 
to that in which he seeks it in his excursions afield when 
domesticated. It is his manner of obtaining a food_ supply, 
and hence the manner of obtaining the wherewithal to 
satisfy the cravings of hunger. Meat is his natural food. 
He craves it as the ox craves grass when hungry, and 
each eats according to its nature. Man does not care for 
the grass as food for himself, and not wanting it. he does 
not deem it worth while to assert that the ox seeks grass 
instinctively for the benefit of man; yet he does want the 
dog's prey, and therefore it is quite an easy matter to 
assert unthinkingly that the dog chases rabbits and other 
game, not for himself, but for his master, b€>sides on 
his own accouijt being a great destroyer and consumer of 
vermin. However, as the dog is naturally carnivorous and 
utilizes its prey for food the facts seem to indicate that 
his seeking instincts are for his own organic preservation. 
However, aside from the matter of mere profit to hiih, 
the dog takes a fierce pleasure in the pursuit and capture. 
Over and above the obtaining of a food supply, he finds 
a savage delight in conquering and killing. Thus sheep 
