the Classification of Lepidoptera. 
3i7 
character, as that by which one used to classify the 
ToRTRiCES, according as they possessed, or did not possess, 
a costal fold. This primary division of the FRENATiE, 
therefore, appears to be unsatisfactory, perhaps, indeed, 
somewhat misleading, and Mr. Hampson and Mr. Dyar 
both very rightly regard the subdivision of the Frenat^e 
into " frenulum losers and " frenulum conservers,'^ as 
being decidedly faulty in many respects. 
Mr. Dyar states that the primitive form of tubercle 
consists of a little chitinous button on the skin bearing 
a single long hair .... It is found exclusively in the 
JuGATiE and PsychidseJ' He, therefore, places the 
Psychidse very low in the list, as low, in fact, as they 
were placed by Dr. Chapman for other reasons. Mr. 
Dyar then says that the remainder of the lepidopterous 
larvae may be divided into two groups : — (1) Those which 
have a tendency to coalescence of tubercles iv. and v.* 
(= Professor Comstock's " Generalised Frenulum Con- 
servers plus one family each from his Zygseninae and 
Saturnine). (2) Those which have a tendency to the 
separation of tubercles iv. and v. (= Professor Com- 
stock's Specialised Frenulum Conservers and ^' Frenu- 
lum losers with the exceptions just noted) . Mr. Dyar 
then says : — If we shift the order of Professor Com- 
stock's characters, and disregard the two exceptions, we 
may say that the first group corresponds to the ' Genera- 
lised Frenatse,' the second to the ^ Specialised Frenat^.' 
Hence we see that Mr. Dyar finds fault somewhat with 
the arrangement made by Professor Comstock, but as I 
have before pointed out, the Professor himself writes : — 
The loss of the frenulum in certain Frenat^e renders 
necessary the use of some other character or characters 
by the systematists as recognition characters'' (p. 45). 
Mr. Dyar finds some diflSculty in the correct under- 
standing of the tubercles in many instances, for in the 
higher " Generalised FrenataB," tubercle iv. has dis- 
appeared by coalescence with v., and in the higher 
Specialised Frenatse " it becomes smaller till it dis- 
appears, as may be seen in certain genera of the 
Lymantriidae. " This illustrates," says Mr. Dyar, the 
fundamental distinction that I have drawn between 
* Tubercles iv. and v. appear from Dyar'sfigs. 3, 4, 5 (p. 198), to 
be the post-spiracular and the sub-spiracular tubercles respectively. 
