356 Mr. j. W. Tutt oji recent papers on 
Ehopalocera on the same line as tliose of the Heterocera, 
and has attempted then* classification by the larval 
characters he uses. Mr. Hampson has been satisfied to 
lump them at the end of his scheme. Dr. Chapman has 
recognized the necessity of treating the Butterflies separ- 
ately in any scheme of classification that may be adopted, 
and has worked out a scheme for them based mainly on 
pupal characters. His detailed observations thereon 
were recorded in a paper read before the City of London 
Entomological Society, which will appear in print shortly 
(Ent. Eecord, March 15th and April 1st, 1895). To a 
great extent Mr. Dyar's subdivision of the various 
families indicates the main results at which Dr. Chapman 
has arrived, viz. — (1) The intimate connection between 
the Nymphalidse and Pieridse (quite a new idea) ; (2) the 
generalised condition of the Papilionidse ; (3) that each 
family contains within itself subfamilies indicating lower 
and higher lines of evolution, etc. Their main point of 
difierence is in the position assigned to the Hesperiidse. 
I may also mention here that Mr. Dyar accounts for only 
part of the Lycsenidse; he seems to have forgotten to 
indicate the position of the other part. 
How far the neuration is useful or the reverse for a 
classification of this kind 1 am not prepared to say, Mr. 
Hampson^s results in many ways prove that it has a 
value when properly applied, but I believe the lumping 
of the Ehopalocera under a single name, based on a charac- 
ter which associates the Butterflies nearly or remotely 
with Geometridse and Cymatophoridse, will tend to pro- 
duce doubt in the minds of many as to whether the general 
similarity in neuration has in such cases the slightest classi- 
ficatory significance. The same result has been arrived 
at, in the fam^ilies indicated by Mr. Hampson, as forming 
the highest group, undoubtedly in many different ways ; 
but I cannot agree that the neuration of the Ehopalocera, 
as a whole, conforms to the definition that the Fore- 
wing has vein 5 arising from the middle of the disco- 
cellulars or nearer 6 than 4, the veins not arising at 
even distances around the cell." The examination of 
the neuration of the Fieridse alone tends to show the 
almost absurdity of this character, and I have no doubt 
that the placing of the Ehopalocera here is almost on 
all fours with the placing of the Tineidse as a whole in 
the lowest group. 
