56 
B. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions have a tapering muzzle, ending in a bald muffle ; the 
fawn, and sometimes the adult, are spotted. 
c. The Elaphine Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns, the muffle broad, and separated 
from the lip by a hairy band, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the middle of 
the metatarsus, as Cenus and Dama. 
d. The RusiNE Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns, the muffle very high, and not separated 
from the edge of the lip, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the middle of the 
metatarsus, as Recerms, Panolia, Rusa, Axis, Hyelaphus, and Cermlus. 
e. The Capreoline Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horn, the first branch being some distance above 
the burr ; the suborbital bag (and pit in the skull) small, as Capreolus, Cariacus, Blastocerus, Furcifer 
and Coassus. 
The Alc'ine and Rangerine Deer are confined to the Northern part of both continents ; the Elaphine 
and Rmine Deer to the Eastern World, the latter almost exclusively to the warmer part of Asia ; all the 
Capreoline Deer are peculiar to America. The only exception to these rules are, the Wapity Deer of the 
Elaphine group is found in Northern America, and the Roebuck and Aihu of the Capreoline group are 
found in Europe and North Asia; but a species of the genus Capreolus has lately been found in the moun- 
tains of South America. 
The Deer of the Snowy Regions have a very broad end to the nose, which is entirely covered with 
hair, a short tail and palmated horns ; the fawns are not spotted, but uniformly coloured like the adult ; the 
skull with a large nose-cavity, and with the intermaxillaries not reaching to the nasal. 
The Alcine Deer or Elks have no basal snag, the first branch of the horn being considerably above the 
crown. 
1. ALCES, Alce {H. Smith). 
The muzzle is very broad, produced, and covered with hair, but there is a small, moist, naked spot in front 
of the nostrils ; the neck is short and thick ; the hair is thick and brittle ; the throat is rather maned 
in both sexes ; the hind-legs have the tuft of hair rather above the middle of the metatarsus ; the males 
have palmate horns. The nose-cavity in the skull is very large, reaching behind to a line over the 
front of the grinders ; the intermaxillaries are very long, but do not reach to the nasal ; the nasals 
are very short. They live in woods in the northern parts of both continents. 
The Elk or Moose. Alces Malchis. 
Dark brown ; legs yellower, 
Alces, Gesner.— Plin.— Cervw Alces, Linn. S. N. i. 92.— Pallas, Zool. R. A. i. 201.— H. Smith.— Richardson, 
Fauna Bor. Amer. 1^2.— Alces Malchis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, \2,b.— Moose Deer, Dudley, Phil. Trans, 
n. 368. 165 — MA:, Laws, Carol. 123. — Penn. Syn. — Elan, Brisson, H. N. xii. t. 7. Supp. vii. t. 25.— 
Cuvier, R. A. — Orignal, La Houtan, Voy. 72.— Charlev. Nouv. France, iii. 126. — American Black Elk 
(C. alces /3.), H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 771. — Loss, Russians in Siberia. 
Inhabits the Northern regions of America and Europe. 
Several naturalists, especially Colonel Hamilton Smith, thought they had observed a difference in the 
horns of the Russian and American Elks ; I have compared numerous specimens from both countries, but 
can discover no appreciable distinction between them. 
The Elks, like most of the other Deer, and especially of the animals which inhabit the cold and moun- 
tain regions, present a very considerable difl^erence in size, according to the scarcity or abundance of the 
food which the locality they inhabit affords, and the development of the horns appears to be greatly in- 
fluenced by this cause ; so that the horns of the animals inhabiting the more barren districts are much less 
developed than those found in more fertile situations, and I think I have observed this to be the case with 
both the Russian and the American horns: but on this head naturahsts are Uke to be much misled, as the 
horns which are imported are generally chosen for their size and perfect development, and the small and 
less developed specimens are only to be observed in the cargoes of horns which are imported for economic 
purposes. 
These observations are equally applicable to the Rein Deer. 
