57 
The Rangerine Deer or Reins have a large and well-developed basal branch close on the crown of the 
horns. 
2. TARANDUS, Rangifer {H. SmitK). 
The muzzle is entirely covered with hair ; the tear-bag small, covered with a pencil of hairs ; the fur brittle, 
in summer short, in winter longer, whiter, of the throat longer; the hoofs are broad, depressed, and 
bent in at the tip ; the external metatarsal gland above the middle of the leg ; horns in both sexes 
elongate, subcylindric, with the basal branches and tip dilated and palmated ; of the females smaller ; 
skull with rather large nose-cavity, about half as long as the distance to the first grinder ; the inter- 
maxillary moderate, nearly reaching to the nasal ; a small, very shallow, suborbital pit. 
They live in the Arctic Regions in both hemispheres, migrating in flocks, and eating lichens. 
The Caribou or Rein Deer. Tarandus rangifer. 
Dark brown in summer, grey in winter. Young: brown, yellow varied. 
Tarandus, Plini. — Rangifer, Gesner. — Cerviis Tarandus, Linn.— Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 106.— Cuvier, Mam. 
Lith. t. .—Bennett, Gardens Z. S. 241. fig. — Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 238.— C. Tarandus sylves- 
tris (Woodland Caribou'), Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 250. — C. rangifer, Raii Syn. 88. — C. platyrhynchos, 
Vrolich, Rendier, t. 2 (\S2S~).— C. palmatus and C. mirahilis, Jonston, Quad. t. 36, SI .—Rein Deer, Penn. 
— Caribou, Sagard. Theodat. Canad. 751.— Renne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 79. t. 10-12; Supp. iii. t. 18*. — 
Rhenne, Cuvier, R. A. — Caribou or Carreloeuf, French Canadians. — Oleen, Russians in Siberia. 
Var. Smaller; horns more slender, less palmated; hair short, smooth, close, brown, with throat and 
belly white in summer ; hair very close, thick, waved, brittle and erect and white in winter. 
Cervus Tarandus Amer ic anus, H. Smith, G. A.,K. v. 773.— C. Tarandus v. Arctica (Barren-ground Caribou), 
Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 241. fig. 240, horns.— Common Deer, Hearne, Journ. 195. 200. 
Inhabits Arctic parts of Europe and America. 
Varies exceedingly in size. In the British Museum there are specimens varying from 26 to 28 inches 
high at the withers, and proportionally as large in the horns and all the other parts. The variety is con- 
fined to the barren grounds. 
Dr. Richardson observes, " There are two well-marked and permanent varieties of Caribou that inhabit 
the fur countries ; one of them (JVoodland Caribou) confined to the woody and more southern districts, and 
the other (B air en-ground Caribou) retiring to the woods only in the winter, but passing the summer on the 
coast of the Arctic seas, or on the barren grounds so often mentioned in this work." — Fauna Bor. Amer. 'l^^. 
The large Siberian variety are ridden on by the Tungusians. They also use them for draught, as the 
Laplanders do the smaller variety. 
They have a large variety in Newfoundland, nearly as large as a heifer, having very large and heavy 
horns. There are some horns of this variety in the British Museum. M. Middendorf informed me that 
the horns of the large Siberian variety were as large as, and greatly resembled, the horns from Newfound- 
land (Nova Scotia) in the British Museum Collection. 
Pallas observes, " Americee forte continua gregatim verno tempore per glacies admigrant, paulo diversi 
a Siberiee inquilinis et verosimillime Americani." — Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 208. 
The Deer of the Warm or Temperate Regions have a tapering nose, ending in a naked, moist muffle ; 
they generally have a well-developed tail, distinct tear-bag, and rather long false hoofs ; their fawns are 
spotted, the spots generally disappearing in the adult, or only to be seen when the animals are in high con- 
dition ; the fur is shorter and fulvous in the summer, becoming greyer in the winter; the skulls have a 
moderate nose-cavity, and the intermaxillaries reaching to the nasal bones. 
The Elaphine Deer or Stags have a shallow, broad muffle, narrowed and rounded below, and nearly 
separated from the edge of the lip by a hairy band, which has only a narrow interruption in the middle, and 
rather elongated ears ; they have rough horns, generally supported on a more or less long process of the 
frontal bones, furnished with a frontal basal branch or snag close on the burr or crown ; the outer side of 
the hind-legs has a tuft of hair placed rather above the middle of the metatarsus, and another tuft on the 
inner side of the hock. 
They are (except the Wapiti) exclusively confined to the woods of the Old or Eastern World. 
3. CERVUS, Elaphus (H. Smith), Cervus and Pseudocervus (Hodgson), 
has round, erect horns, with an anterior basal snag, a medial anterior snag, and has the apex divided into 
one or more branches, according to the age of the animal ; a well-developed tear-bag ; narrow trian- 
gular, compressed hoofs ; they are covered with brittle, opake hairs ; the rump is generally orna- 
mented with a pale mark ; skull with a large, deep, suborbital pit. 
Q 
