172 
Cranes. Etc., hi Captivity. 
give the birds, if possible, a widev range and provide them 
with more animal food. If the ro-ult is still unsatisfactory, 
thi> o\\\\ way is to change the cock anrl to go on changing him 
until you ultimately secure a reliable lu'eedei'. About one cock 
Stanley in six will successfully fertilize eggs: among Sarus the 
proportion of infertile males is not quite so high. 
Young White-necked Cranes will usually stay in the 
neighbourhood of their birth-place if left unpinioncd, pro- 
vided that they are well fed, are undisturbed by other birds, 
and not left unmated their third spring (Cranes begin to 
breed when two or three years old). 
Home bred Sarus and Australian Cranes will stay if 
provided with pinioned mates, but not otherwise. Young Com- 
mon Cranes will stay for about a year and may even remain 
longer and breed, ]>\\i in the latter case old and young are 
very apt to go off together in the autumn. Manchurian Cranes 
are highly migratory and must be pinioned if they are to be 
