NOTES AND QUEUIES. 
387 
Collection in the United Kingdom, but not by any means so great a variety as 
my own museum. 
VViiere metal was used in making holes in hammers, the sides of the aper- 
tures are cylindrical, and in some eases the circular lines left liy tlie tool may 
be seen. There are ntany instances of this in the hammer-heads in tin; Museum 
of tiic Royal Irish Academy. Wlicre, on the contrary, a stone, with sand and 
water was used, the edges of the aperture are deeply splayed on each side, and 
the septum broken through, as shown in some of my examples, as also in a 
number both in the Dublin and Edinburgh Museums. Prom examination of 
the several specimens I come to the conclusion that in the earliest and rudest 
the position chosen for the hole was first chipped or punched into a hollow, or 
indentation, and then by the process of a rotatory or grinding action with a 
hard stone adajited for the purpose, and sand and water. One half of the work 
of making the hole being thus accomplished, by the like process the opposite 
side of the hammer was worked out until in the centre or near it the apertures 
met. The commencement of tliis process may be seen in several ovoid-shaped 
stones, and a series of objects illustrating the process of the formation. 
Ligu. 3.— Stoue hammer witli complete perforation. 
The third hammer in my collection is one made of granite of a form quite 
uncommon, great pains having also been taken in its manufacture. It is 
ground all over its external surface, and partakes of the axe and hammer in 
shape, the hole in its centre being ground, and, from appearances, it was put 
upon a shaft, the small end of whicii passed through the top of the hammer, 
and a pin was driven through the shaft, and it was thus fastened to the handle ; 
tlie under side of the hammer rested on a tliicker or collar part of the handle, 
left wide to allow the under side of the hammer to rest upon it. I give you a 
sketch of this hammer from a drawing taken some time ago. Much more 
might be said about such implements had I time, for want of which I conclude 
these remarks by stating that the hammers were made by chipping, boring, drill- 
ing, and rubbing, and tlie first hammers could be made icithout the use of metal. 
Metal might be knoxra but yet not worked for or into hammers. Finally 
I would observe that hammers are made of almost aU the hard stones that are 
found in England ; but it is not my intention to describe their lithologieal cha- 
racters, but simply to state that the rudest of them are freqiLcntly made of 
softer stoue, and that those which were intended for special jmrposes were 
made in a careful manner, highly wrought, and of more durable material.— 
Edwakd Tindall, Bridlington. 
The Gkeat Monoliths at Borougubridge. — Sir, — Having had occasion 
to visit Borouglibridge during the time of the last Barnaby Fair — so named 
in consequence of its occurring each year on the day of St. Barnabas, 
1 took the opportunity of examining the extraordinary monoliths, better 
known to the people at the old borough and vicinity as the " Devil's 
Arrows." As these remarkable obelisks are spoken of by almost all topo- 
graphers, antiquarians, and geologists, I think it wiU not be out of place to 
hand you a brief description of them and of the obseiTations made by me. 
The stones at present standing are three in number. The first, or the one 
