278 
THE GEOLOGIST. 
roads against the "dip," or "in the land." From these "land- 
headings" or " stall-roads," stalls are turned, i.e., excavations are made 
at certain intervals along the land-headings, and parallel with the dip- 
headings, from which the ore is extracted. The annexed cut represents 
the method of " pillar and stall " working, as this mode of mining is 
termed. 
Lign. 3. — Example of " Pillar and Stall " working. 
The dark shading shows the buttresses allowed to stand for the sup- 
port of the roof and maintenance of the ways. The lightly-shaded 
parts show the ore-ground which is being gradually worked away by 
the enlargement of the " stalls " represented by the blank spaces. 
But the majority of the workings in the Dean Forest mines exhibit 
little of this regularity ; since, after the dip-headings are driven, the 
churns are followed in all their irregularities of form, as seen in the 
sketch of the Devil's Chapel (PI. VIII.) in which the darkly-shaded por- 
tions show the " chums " from which the ore has been removed. Thedark 
line A is a " lead." At C, C, are seen small masses of ore in situ. The 
" crease " is displayed in the separating buttresses. B, in the fore- 
ground, is a " drift" driven across the " measures." D represents an 
opening made on a " lead." The number of mines at present in work 
in the Forest amounts to about twenty, commanding some 3,500 acres 
of ironstone, and, if continually exploited, at an average yield of 1,000 
tons per day, would make the quantity raised equal to a rate of 300,000 
tons per annum ; the "get," however, is much less than this. 
The length to which this paper has already extended warns me now 
to conclude, otherwise, I had intended to have introduced some account 
of the regulations attending the granting of "gales" or mining-awards 
in the Forest of Dean by the Crown. I will, however, return to this 
subject when describing the coal-measures of the district. 
