NOTES AND QUERIES. 
447 
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CoNTElIPOEANEITT OF DENUDATION AKD SEDIMENTATION. — SaITNESS OF THE 
SEA.-T-"SrR, — 1st, I should be much obliged if you would inform me whether 
denucfation and sedimentation can go on in the same sea or river at the same time, 
and what are the respective conditions necessary to each ? 2nd. How do 
geologists account for the salt in the sea? — M. G." — The deposit of sedimentary 
matter takes place in comparatively tranquil water, while denudation is the effect 
of rough waves and strong currents. These two opposite actions are so far 
synchronous that thej^ are usually going on in diflerent and distinct parts 
of the same sea or river. By the natural action of a stream the detritus 
worn away from the higher regions is deposited at the more tranquil parts of its 
course, or at its mouth or estuary, or carried out to sea and deposited at various 
depths, according to the fineness and specific gravity of the particles. Littoral 
deposits of a coarser character, such as sand-banks, are frequently denuded of their 
upper portions during storms or by changes of cui-rents, but in such cases, where 
the denudation takes place on the site of deposit, the two actions must be 
intermediate or intermittent and cannot be synchronous. We are not aware that 
any good reason has yet been assigned for the saltness of the sea. This question 
involves another, ^Whether the sea has always been salt ? and in the present state 
of knowledge we cannot say much on the point. 
Inquiey KEsrECTiNG Fossils. — " Dear Sir, — Could you inform me in your next 
number of the Geologist what is the nature of the delicate markings on tiie 
enclosed specimens ? They appear to be the impressions of shells. M. A. M." — 
One of the specimens bears an impression of a LeptoMa (a Brachiopodous mollusc ) 
and another of a joint of Encrinite. The other specimen bears the two excessively 
thin valves of a Posidonomija apparently; one valve half overlapping the other, and 
both much crumpled. These fossils appear to be derived from some of the rock?, 
of Devonshire. One is of Devonian age, the other of Carboniferous. 
Maiimali.\.n Re5[ains. — "Sir, — I was at Stanhope last week, and saw a rather 
interesting specimen which had been found in a bog to the south-west of that 
town. It is a horn of a cow or bull, and it appears to have lain for a very long 
period in the bog-earth, as it was deep down and so much decayed as to fall to 
pieces at what farmers call its ' year's growth.' AVhen found it had its point 
upwards, but the man who discovered it had not the presence of mind to look 
further at the time, and, on returning since to search for further remains, has 
not been able to make out the exact site. The horn looks like that of a half-bred 
bull, but is thicker in proportion to its length than the horns of our domestic 
cattle. Is it anything like that of the wild bull ? Yours, &c., S. Hutciiinson, 
Waskerly Park, 13th Sept." — There are three or more kinds of fossil ox indicated 
by remains found in our bogs. If S. H. will send the exact measurements and an 
outline of the specimen, we shall be better able to reply to his inciuiry. 
IsQiiiuT respecting SOME FossiLs, &c. — E. E. Byng, Leamington. — The 
Ammonite, a fragment of a cast of which accompanies Miss E. E. Byng's letter 
(Leamington), belongs to the species known as Ammonites Conyheari, common in 
some p.arts of the Lias. Eelemnites are often termed " Thunderbolts " by the 
peasantry in Somerset and elsewhere ; but are easily recognized as fossilized 
creatures by their peculiar structure, and by their consisting of carbonate of 
lime ; whereas meteoric stones consist of iron and other hard matters. Besides the 
' Great Northern Drift," there have been several local drifts, chiefly due to river- 
action, in Warwickshire and the adjacent counties ; and the pebbles to which 
E. E. B. alludes may bo derived from one or the other — pi'obably from the river, 
gravel of the Severn. Tlie fragment of rock sent in the letter is quartzite, that 
is, altered and hardened sandstone ; probably it is from the Lickey Hills. 
E. E B. will see that it is not limestone or cornstone, because it is too hard to 
be scratched with a knife, and will not etfcrvesce with acids. We .are obliged by 
the writer's kind acknowledgements of the usefulness of this Magazine, and for the 
suggestions kindly offered. 
