REVIEWS. 
539 
were, Pterinea, Orlhonota, Triiicula, Avicula, Orthoceras, Eurypterus spinipes, 
E. clauipes. 
To the liora of the Forfarshire beds he had added several new and gigantic fucoids, 
a Lepidodendroid stem, and a fern (Ci/clopteris) ; to the fauna, gigantic worm-tubes 
(Scoiithus), annelidan tracks, and the remains apparently of an annelide itself, 
and two crustaceans, described and figured by himself under the generic names 
of Kampccaris and Stylonurus. A considerable number of ichthyodoi-ulites had 
been discovered, and were as yet undescribed. To a small fish with a kite-shaped 
head and shagreen-like scales, armed with fin-spines, he had given the name of 
Ictinocephalus granulalus. 
Specimens liad also been obtained throwing additional light on the nature of 
previously partially known and obscure fossil organisms ; thus we now possess 
a knowledge of tlie corneous eye-capsule, the pectoral and dorsal fins, and the 
true form of the great heterocercal tail of the Cephalaspis, and we could now 
restore it as a not inelegant fish, resembling in general contour the Aspidophorus, 
or armed "bull-head " of our coasts. 
Mr. Page acknowledged his obligations to the labours of Mr. Powrie, of Res- 
wallie, and to Mr. Slimon, of Lesmahagow, for the discovery and preservation of 
many of these new fossil forms. 
KEVIEWS. 
7'he Canadian Journal. September, 1858. 
Amosgst the other very nice articles in this number is one by Mr. Dumble, the 
engineer of the Cobourg and Peterborough Railway, on some natural phenomena 
of the expansion and contraction of ice by variations of temperature. In a 
territory like Canada, there are advantages, from climate and other causes, of 
studying on the grand scale the phenomena of ice and the effects of the congelation 
of large masses of water which we never possess in England ; and many results 
are thus visible there, which, on the diminutive scale on which such natural opera 
tions occur in our island would be nearly inappreciable. 
The mere facts that ice floats upon water and that vessels of any description ^ 
which contain water, fracture and burst from its congealing, are proofs suflBciently 
practical and familiar of the increase of its bulk by crystallization ; but that ice 
itself should be capable of expanding and increasing in bulk is not equally well 
known, although many practical proofs are afforded. This property of expansion 
and contraction of ice aids in fracturing and reducing the gigantic iceberg ; and 
but for these changes, from variations of temperature far below the freezing point, 
causing pressure, collapse, fracture, and disruption, the short Arctic summer 
would fail to open the Ai-ctic seas. The phenomena recorded by Mr. Dumble are 
those occurring on Rice Lake, across which the Cobourg and Peterborough Rail- 
way is carried on a pile- and truss-bridge of timber. This bridge, on more southern 
waters, would have been considered a most suitable structure ; but, owing to the 
almost irresistible expansive force of the ice, now presents the appearance of a 
complete wreck. The violent movement of ice on this lake is entirely due to 
contraction and expansion, solely from changes of temperature. The lake generally 
" takes" with ice during the month of December at a high-water level, which high 
level the dam across the outlet preserves until spring, and the movements of the 
ice are therefore divested of the influence of currents, nor are they subject to those 
other various causes, such as the differing temperatures of ice and sea-water, or 
wave action. 
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