The Birds of Gambia. 
125 
of intelligence and soon get very tame, the latter quality requires 
close watcliing, as the larger birds are apt to show their affection 
by a free use of their powerful beaks, and a blow on tlie face from 
the long hard beak of a " Twelve-wired Bird " might be dangerous 
and is certainly painful. 
What the owners of Birds of Paradise are all looking for 
is, of course, the successful rearing of one of the various species 
in captivity. I do not see why these birds should not breed in 
captivity given suitable surroundings, but ray idea is that the 
whole of the aviary that they are expected to breed in must be 
under cover, and in this aviary there must be a thicket of growing 
plants. I propose making an attempt on these lines with a pair 
of Kings, both young birds that have moulted together, the cock 
now coming into full adult plumage for the first time. 
My collection consists of the following species : — 
Count Raggi's (i pair), Red (i S), Lesser (i o'}, Twelve-wired (i 3), 
King (2 pairs), Hunstein's (i pair young, i pair mature), Lawe's Six- 
pluuied (i S and 2 ? ), Superb (i young S ), D'Albertis' {i i youug ) 
and Violet and Blue Manucode (i pair). 
ITbe BirDs of Gambia. 
By E. HopKiNSON, D.S.O., M.A., M.B. 
{^Continued from page 94). 
ORIOLID^. 
Oriolus galbiila. GOLDEN ORIOLE. 
Range. Nearly the wliole of Africa. Occurs in Seneganibia. {Sh.) 
O. anratiis. AFRICAN GOLDEN ORIOLE. 
Range. West, East and North-east Africa. (Sh.) 
Golden Orioles are conunon in Gambia, where, I think, both of the 
above species occur. The main difference between the two is that in the 
first the black loral band only extends from the beak as far as the anterior 
border of the eye, while in the latter this band extends through the eye 
towards the ear-coverts. The males are beautiful birds, bright yellow, set 
off by black wings and tail ; the hens and young are olive with blackish 
wings and tail. The young take at least two years to get their full colour, 
lu May it is quite common to see two birds, nearly all olive-coloured with 
but a few yellow patches, courting one another and obviously preparing to 
nest. 
They are particularly fond of the more wooded parts of the country; 
during the dry season are generally seen singly, but just before the rains, 
