EEA^IEWS. 
117 
cave yet filled to which it doubtless belongs, if we may judge from the fact 
that it still continues to receiye the winter streams of muddy water. This 
hole is double, and each opening not more than a foot or eighteen inches 
in diameter. 
" Or, again, there might have been anciently some lake in the vicinity 
of this cave ... to which these animals resorted nightly to quench their 
thirst, and bathe their unwieldy bodies. On its shores many would perish, 
some from old age, some from weakness induced by long journeys, espe- 
cially in times of drought ; the mud through which they had to struggle to 
the life-giving wave would be too much for them ; they would be ' stagged,' 
to use the common term applied to horses and cattle so circumstanced in 
the lowlands of . . . Essex and elsewhere ; some would become the prey of 
other animals. . . . Then, when the lake became enlarged by winter floods 
. . . many of these bones might be forced into the cave, and so preserved. 
" At the time this cave was first discovered, geology had not so far pro- 
gressed as to suggest the probability of finding human remains, which 
therefore were not noticed if present : neither did any flint weapons here 
attract attention. 
" But when new opportunities of examining caves occur, as they are 
likely to do at Caldy Island, and at Lydstep, the examination should be 
conducted with much care, and reported with the greatest fldelity. Every 
circumstance is worthy of note : human bones may be found deep 
beneath the stalagmitic floor, and surrounded with the bones of extinct 
animals ; but if it is forgotten that man in rude times was accustomed to 
hury in such places, and the state of the soil and surface, whether dis- 
turbed or otherwise, be not considered, of course false inferences will be 
drawn. 
"As to the junction of Caldy with the mainland, it was distinctly re* 
membered by old labourers twenty years ago, that at very low tides carta 
used to cross from Griltar to St. ^^iargaret's ; which latter island was con- 
nected with Caldy in such a way as to be also reached by carts, if we may 
infer as much from the remains of a road there. 
"The vale of St. Florence too, it may be worth recording, appears to 
have recently undergone considerable changes of level. There is a place 
on the hill-side, halfway up that ancient estuary, still bearing the name of 
* The Old Quay.' 
" Let us look around us as we stand on the Castle Hill — or rather think 
what meets the eye of the mind from that elevation, at all points. How 
many remains of terrestrial vegetation are exposed to view by the equi- 
noctial tides all around the coast. They occur, for instance, at Caldy in 
front, at Portclew to the right-hand, and at Amroth to the left ; indeed, 
everywhere stumps and prostrate limbs of the oak and fir, not even greatly 
altered in colour internally, are constantly to be seen ; together with the 
remains of a thick growth of underwood, the hazel roots yet retaining 
about their forks the very nuts that grew upon the branches. These can- 
not be very old : the shore then must recently have sunk beneath the sea 
in which these stumps stand rooted. Have we here the vestiges of those 
ancient forests we were looking for just now, in which the animals roamed, 
whose bones filled the caves we are describing ? And did such areas as 
Broadmoor, and Kingsmoor, and some of the water-levelled valleys that 
terminate in the sea hereabouts, form the beds of those great lakes and 
rivers we were just now inquiring after, in which they wallowed ? One 
thing is certain, that in dredging among these stumps in the bay the horns 
of ancient deer, corresponding with those of the cave deposits, are found j 
as in like manner the teeth of elephants are frequently dredged up on the 
