'1" SUPERPOSITION AND IN CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE. By Professor William Kino. 
l ime, the Laureotian being the Oldest. 
rds of our Earth : with a few exceptions (3iIiocene) it contains all the Kock-systems occurring, often widely separated, 
Systems appear to be incompletely developed. 
Fkkshwatee Types. 
LiF£-ChAHACT£EISTICS of the DIFFEBEM SySTEHS 
OH Peeiods.I 
Peat Marl and other deposits now forminj^ in ILakes, 
Rivers, etc. 
Cornish Submarine Forests with Human Remains. 
? Irish Megaceros Marls and Peat. 
Of Pleistocene Ruminants, the Scotch gigantic Fossil Ox {Bos 
pAmigenius) , and small Fossil Ox {Bos longifrons — probably 
original of our domestic breeds), lived on to latest (Histo- 
ric) division of this Period. ? Same may be said of the Irish 
in Lithuanian Russia, but preserved by strict protective 
laws. 
? Special Organisms : — Shells — Lima excavata, HaUotis tiiher- 
culata, JS'atica Kingii, Litorina litoralis, Fusun Berniciensis, 
and F. Norvegicus. 
Eiver Air (Yorkshire) Hippopotamus, Alluvium. Thames 
Valley, Elephas prin.igenius, and Home Flint-imple- 
ments Gravels. 
? Maidenhead (Berkshire) "Hij^h-level Gravel" (Prest- 
wieh). ^Ve3t of Ireland Esoar Drift, aad (? iceberg- 
transported) granite erratics. 
North of England Boulder-drift. West of Ireland ( ? field 
and mountain glacier) Limestone-drift. 
Briiish Spec. Org. ! — Shells— JJ/ya Uddecallensis, Hkgnchonella 
psitiacea, I^'atica chiusa, Fecten Islandicus, etc. ; Mam- 
mals — Reindeer, Musk-buffalo (all the foregoing are now 
only living in Arctic regions 1), — El ephas primigenius (Mam- 
moth), E. untiquus, Rhinoceros tichorhinus. Hippopotamus 
fiiujoTy gigantic Irish Deer {3J[eguceros HibeDiicHs) , Cave 
Bear, Cave Lion (these have all died out!), and certain 
bovine Ruminants. The genus Homo characterizes this and 
the following (Post-Pleistocene) Period; manufactured 
flint implements having been found at Hoxne (Suffolk) and 
other places (also in trance), under circumstances proving 
that a low (? extinct species) tribe hved coevally with the 
extinct Mammals last-named. 
Happisburgh (Xorfolk) JElephas meridionalis bed. 
Feliistow {Mastodon) detrital bed. 
Monkeys {Macacus pliocenus) still existing. A large increase 
of recent shells ; Sutiblk Crag containing 50, Walton Crag 
57, and Norwich 85 per cent. ! Spec. Org. : — Mammals — 
Elephax meridiotuilix (? one of the earliest British species of 
true Elephants), -I/aA^Of/on Arveniensis (? existing not later 
than Red Crag), Rhinoceros Etruscus ; Shells — Astarte 
Omalii, Nttcii.la Cobboldix, Cassidaria hicatenata, Natica 
catenoides, Nassa relicosa, Voliita Lumberti. Earliest (Suf- 
folk) Crag species, Southern forms; latest (Norwich), 
northern ! 
Bovey Tracey (Devonshire) Lignite. 
Lough Neagh Lignite. ? Isle of Mull Lignite. 
? Hempstead (Isle of Wight ) beds. 
Elephantine {Afustodoti uuQustideiis) and other Pachvderms, 
as Acerotherium ( Khinoceros-like), Z>iHortc>-i((j« (alhed to 
Dugoug), exist; also a large Ape {Dryopithecus), exceed- 
ing in size the Goi ilia ! Recent shells mostly ot sub-tro- 
pical forms, increase to 25 per cent. : — Special species — 
Leda Deshugesiaiia, Fectum ulus crassus, Olica Dufres)iii, 
Proto cathedralis, Cerithium plicatum. None of these occur 
in British Islands ; only in France, Belgium, and Germany. 
Bembridge Marls. 
Hordwell Marls and Sands. 
Sheppey Clay (Estuarine). 
Mammals of high types now abound {Palceotherium, Corg- 
phodo)i, Diehobune), all belonging to extinct genera. East 
IndiaU'like 3Ionkevs { ]\I(ic(f< us gocpiihs) ; also reptiles seve- 
rally resembling the Gavial of India, the Crocodile of Borneo, 
and'the Alligator of America, hving m England! Vegetation 
that of the Indian Islands. Shells mostly of tropical types — 
under 5 per cenc. identical with recent species : special — 
Cerithium giganteum, Volutilithes spinosus, Venericardia pla- 
nicostu, Axinus angulatus, Nautilus iiiiperialis, Aturia zic- 
zae. Nummulites (Protozooins) characterize this period. 
\ 
In the British Isles there is a great Life-break between the Eocene and the Cretaceous System ; the 
former rarely contains any species of plants and animals characterizing the Secondary periods : pro- 
baljly, in other regions there may be a closer fossil agreement between the two Systems, caused by 
their containing other coterminous Formations ; or there may exist an intermediate System. 
True dicotyledonous FVAat^ {Credneria) appear. Horn-scaled 
Fishes {Bergx, Osmeroides) replace early enamel-scaled 
kinds. Ammonites much reduced in numbers, giving way to 
singular forms allied to them, as Tnrrilites, Scapkites, Bacu- 
Utes, etc. Spec. Org. : — Shells — Hippurites, Magas, King- 
ena, Ostrea vesicalaris, Iiioceramxs, Spondglus tpinosus, 
Ammouite.i Sussexieusis, Belemnitella ; Echinoderins — Ga- 
lerites, Micraster, Auanchgtes, Mursupifes. Many shells ap- 
proach to recent forms. Marine Lizards, few — Mosasaurus, 
etc. ; Flying Lizards, still living, and of large size. 
Weald Clay and Hastings Sand. 
? Portland Dirt-bed and Purbeck Marlstone. 
Enormous Land Lizards {Jguanodon, Hgleeosaurun) inhabiting 
the Palm {Cluthraria), Cycas {Mantelliu), and Pine {Abie- 
tites) forests of the region of Kent. Several small Insecti- 
vorous Mammals and Marsupials exist (Purbeck Marl) — 
Spalacothenum, Tricouodon, etc. Spec. Org.: — Shells — 
Curbis corriigata, Perna Mulleti, Exoggra, Plerocera Bec- 
Iclenii, Ammonites Deshayesii, Ancylocerus, Crioceraa ; 
Fishes — Lepidotus Fittoui, Mncropomn Egertoni. 
t lu reading this column, the student should begin with the bottom System, the Laurcntian. 
