i:OUS ROC K-CAlOljVS~coiitnitierl. 
Fbesiiwater Types. 
LllE-CHiKACXlililSTICS OF JHE BIFFEKENT SYSTEMS 
OR Pkriods. 
Giisthorp (Yorkshire) Plant-beds. 
Maimnais still low (Marsupials — Phascolofherium) , but in- 
creasing; Stereognathus appears to be higher. Elephant- 
sized Eeptiles {Megalosaurus) , Flying Lizards, some with 
membranous wings (Pterodactylus), others with fan-shaped 
feathered ynng% {Gripkosaurus) , and new paddled Saurians 
(Pliosaurus) , tenanting the land, air, and water respec- 
tively. Spec. Org. : — Plants — Otopteris, Palceozumia, and 
others allied to Cycases ; Shells — Opis, Triffoitia cluvelluta, 
Myoeoncha, Pholadomya fidicula, Nerinaea, Purpurina, 
Ammonites Iliimphresiunus ; Echinoderms — Api"crinus, 
Kacleolites, Acrosalenin ; Fishes — PijcnodnH, Stroplwdmt. 
T 
1 
). 
Period of marine paddled Eeptiles (Ichtki/osaurus, Plesio- 
satirus, Cuttle-fish-snake -shells (^miMowffes— species in vast 
numbers) and plumose peduncled Star-fishes (JE.rtracriims) . 
Spec. Org. : — Shells — Hippopodiiim, Cardinia lAsteri, Gry- 
phcea incnrva, Leda ovum, Spiriferina, JBelemnites acvfu.-t 
(Cuttle-fish bones), Ammonites hifrons, A. heterophyllus ; 
Fishes — (enamelled) Uugiiafhus, Bapedius, (Shark) Hybodus 
reticulatiis. Peculiar Crocodiles {Teleosaurns) . 
■ 
i. 
[Place of the German Keuper.) 
[Place of the German (Upper) Banter.) 
The earliest period known for Mammals {Microlestes) , which 
are low ! Totallj^new Reptiles — 2Iasfodonsaurus (large and 
toad-like), Placodus, etc., replace earlier kinds. New Fishes 
Saiirichthys, Cerutodos, Ischypterns) appear, most primary 
kinds having died out ! Spec. Org. : — Shells — Myophoria, 
Bakevellia sociulis, Allorisma miisculoides, Ceratites (link 
between Carboniferous Goniutites and Jurassic Ammonitess) ; 
Crinoids — Lily-encrinite. 
In the British Isles there is a great Life-break between the Ti'iassic and the Permian System; the 
former rarely contains any species of plants and animals characterizing the Primary periods: pro- 
bably, in other regions there may be a closer fossil agreement between the two Systems, caused by 
their containing other coterminous Formations; or tliere may exist an intermediate System. 
% 
3 
J- 
iT- 
' Briatol Bone Conglomerate, and Doncaster Ked Sandstone 
? Shropshire Calcareous Conglomerate. 
Dresden Rothliegende. 
Life not abundant in European area ; possibly due to great 
physico-geografihicHl changes going on. Spec. Org. :— Rep- 
tiles — Palccosuunis, Thecodontosaurns ; Fishes— (enamelled) 
PaJ(Boniscus comptas, Doryopteruit, Holacuitthodus ; Crabs — 
Pidaeocrangon (no Trilobites ! ) ; Shells — Camurophoria mnl- 
tiplicafa, Strophtilosia, Aiilosteges umboniUatiis, Schizodus, 
Loxonoma Su edenborqiana, Nautilus (true) ; Corals — (bryo- 
zoic) Synocladia, Phyllopora (plated) Polycaelia, 
J. 
Lancashire and Durham Coal-measures. 
' Irish Coal-measures. ? Inferior portion of South Welsh 
Coal-measures. 
' Devonshire Culm. 
iuburgh " Calciferous Sandstone." 
Singular Plants {Calamites, Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, Sphe- 
nopteris, etc.) abound, their debris forming Coal beds ! 
Reptiles (Parahatrachus, Apateon) of lowest (fish-like) kinds 
appear ! Spec. Org. : — Corals — Michelinia, Lifhostrotion ; 
Shells — Prodtictus, Spirifer, Edmondia, Anthracnsia, Goniu- 
tites ; Crinoids — Platycrhius, Woodocrimis, Pevfremites ; 
Crabs — Griffifhides (Trilobites becoming rare), BeUinurus ; 
Fishes — MeffulichtJtys, Dendrodus (rivalling Crocodiles in 
size), Psammodus, Palceoniiscua. 
SLnocktopher (K 
ilkenny Plant-beds) , 
Period of cuirassod ( L'lacoganoid) Fishes (Pterichthys, Cocco- 
steus) ! Si^ec. Org. : — Corals — Cyathophyllum cccspitasum, 
Favosites Gohlfussi, Pleurodictyum ; Shells — Dacidsonia, 
Cal.ceold, Striugocephalus, MegalodoH, C/ynienia ; Crinoidal 
Echinoderms — Hexacrinus ; Trilobites — Pronteusjlabellifer, 
Phacopslatifrons ; Fishes — (enamel-scaled or Lepidoganoid) 
Osteolepis, Glyptolepis, Diplavanthiis. Terrestrial Plants 
exist — Cyclostigma, Aparoxylon, etc. 
Period of G^'nptolites (Zoophytes), straight-chambered Shells 
(Oi-thoceros), and Trilobites (AsapJiu.i, Aciduspis, Phacops). 
Singular helmeted (Placoganoid) Fishes {Pteraspis, Ce- 
phalaspis, etc.), first found in latest (Ludlow) Formation ! 
Spec. Org. -.— Corals — Heliolites, Halysites ; Shells — Penta- 
tnerus, Ilurchisonia, Maclurea, Lituites ; Pecuhar Echino- 
derms (Sea-urchin Group) — Sphaeronites, EucalyptocHnus, 
Palceaster (ancient Star-fish). 
- 
Plants (apparently Sea-weeds) and Animals rare ; latter more 
abundant in America and Bohemia. Certain low forms, 
viz. : (Zoophytes) Oldhamia (in Bray rocks), Dictyoncma, 
(Shell) Lingida Davisii, (Crabs of the Trilobite group) Pa- 
Iceopyge, Conoceplialus, Paradoxidea, Oienult, etc., (? a Ph}'!- 
lopod Oral)) Hymoiocnris, (Annelids) Scoliikus and llistio- 
derma are Special Organisms of this Period. 
! No traces of Life yet discovered in British rocks of this 
1 Period, though strong indications occur in America (Sterrv 
' Hunt). 
3. 
Corrected for the ' Geologist.' 
1 
