BLAKE — OX THE CKAITIA OF ANCIENT EACES. 
227 
Lund, with retrocedent and possibly flattened crania, are dolicho- 
cephalic, and, according to Eetzius, represent the primaeval popula- 
tion of Brazil. AVhether the flattening of their 'skulls was artificial 
or natural, may well be doubted. If natural, the succession of crania 
in Bolivia, Eastern Brazil, and Peru, would be as follows : — 
1st. Natural Dolichocephali. 
Brazilian bone-caves. 
Oldest builders of Tia-huanaco (?). 
2nd. Artificial Dolichocephali. 
Titicacans, Aymaras. 
3rd. Artificial Brachycephali. 
Pachacamac, Quichuas, Incas, Atacamans. 
Changos. 
The mounds termed Koorgan or Bo7igor in the Government of 
Tomsk, of which the antiquity is unascertained, containing brachy- 
cephalic skulls, afford no evidence of bronze or chipped stone 
implements. " The weapons and other objects found by MM. 
Meynier and d'Eichthal, in the tumuli, are either of bone or iron ; 
the ornaments are of bone, melted silicate, polished quartz, or 
copper ; there were, moreover, in one of the tumuli fragments 
of pottery ; in another the remains of a wooden vessel. All the 
tumuli, without exception, had some remnants of iron tools or 
weapons, but none of bronze, the metallic ornaments found being 
cast in copper, exactly like all others our travellers have met with in 
Siberia in the collections of dilettanti. The cranium bears in all the 
skeletons strong marks of relationship with those which Retzius 
has designated under the name of ' Brachycephali,' their chief 
feature [sic in orig.'] being the rectangular form of the orbital cavity, 
a form common to all Mongolian races. MM. Meynier and d'Eichthal 
are, nevertheless, inclined to believe that several different kinds of 
tumuli must be distinguished in Siberia, and that it would be prema- 
ture to consider all these tombs as pertaining exclusively to a single 
race."* 
Supporters of a derivative hypothesis of the human race from 
existing species of anthropoid apes have drawn a parallel between 
the dolichocephalic chimpanzee, and the dolichocephalic negro of 
Western Africa, and also between the brachycephalic oran-outan of 
Borneo and the brachycephalic Malay of the same locality. Ethnic 
centres of specific dispersion in time have been inferred from this 
geographical distribution. The remarkable alleged coincidence of the 
long-headed ape with the most long-headed man, and the short-headed 
ape with his short-headed human representative, and inferred de- 
scendant, certainly seemed a fact which might lead anthropologists to 
admit a possible transmutation. Eeference, however, to the simple 
facts of the case gives a totally different aspect to this surmise. 
"When we examine the skulls of the young oran-outan and chim- 
panzee, side by side, before their typical characters have been masked 
by superadded peculiarities connected with their functional require- 
* Coraptes Readus, Acad, Sciences, 1862. 
