BLAKE — ON THB CRANIA OF ANCIENT EACES, 
231 
Philos. Transact. 1860, p. 277) ; Dr. Falconer (Geol. Journal, 1860, 
p. 99) ; Dr. Schauffhausen (Nat. Hist. Eeview, 1861, p. 155) ; Mr. 
Busk (Nat. Hist. Eeview, 1861, p. 172) ; Mr. Lubbock (Nat. Hist. 
Eeview, 1861, p. 489, and N. H. Eeview, 1862, p. 26); and Mr. 
Dawkins (Proceedings of the Geological Society, 1862).* 
In the Map which accompanies this paper, I have indicated the 
locality of some of the most authentic remains, the antiquity of 
which has been strongly advocated. It is not however intended to 
be conveyed that any of the remains here indicated were contem- 
poraneous; The contemporaneity of some of them with the extinct 
mammalia is hitherto undemoustrated. It is certainly significant 
that so many instances should occur in the extreme south-west of 
England, to which the early Britons were driven by their Saxon con- 
querors, and where the traditions of British local history and the 
Cornubian dialect still survive. The remains from the Land's End, 
Plymouth, and Mewslade may have been those of early Britons, and 
their antiquity, unproven by any chemical or geological evidence, 
may not date further back than the period of the Saxon conquest. 
Not the least point of interest in the table on page 228, is the fact 
that in Gascony and Devonshire we have evidence of the contem- 
poraneity of the horse and the ass, both animals domesticated by 
man, with the extinct mammoths, rhinoceri, cave-lions, bears, and 
hyaenas. The question then arises, whether the fossil horses and 
asses are specifically distinct from the existing, as, if identical, the 
commonly received doctrine that the horses and asses were intro- 
duced from a warmer climate must be essentially modified. It might 
be supposed, that the horses and asses of the post-pliocene might 
have been domesticated by the early pre-Gascons or pre-Devonians, 
and have possibly aided them to exterminate the elephants and 
rhinoceri. The association of human remains with those of Machai- 
rodus at Kent's Hole is not a more remarkable fact than his asso- 
ciation with Eleplias antiqims and Hippopotamus major in the Somme 
valley and in Sicily. Eemains of Hippopotamus major have also been 
found in Kent's Hole. 
Switzerland and the Kjokkenmoddings, belonging to a later epoch 
in the so-called " Stone Period," afford us first evidence of man's 
faithful companion, the domestic dog ; and the former locality indi- 
cates also the proof of goats and sheep, specifically indistinguishable 
from the existing species. AVith these in Switzerland are associated 
remains of the Bos primigenius, the Sos frontosus of Nilsson, and 
the Bos longifrons. The latter species was domesticated by the early 
Europeans, and probably formed the souclie primitive oi our domestic 
oxen. AVhether some primigenius blood may not possibly exist in 
our breeds, may be reasonably doubted ; but the conclusions of Pro- 
fessor Nilsson, who derives an existing breed of oxen from the Bos 
* The illustrations to this paper are taken from Professor Busk's paper (N. H. R. 
p. 172, etc.) ; fi'om Sqnier's Monuments of the Mississippi valley ; and Maury's ' In- 
digenous Races.' I am indebted to Mr. Mackie for the use of the Muskham and Heathery 
Burn relics, and for the sketches of the Eastham and Engis skulls. 
