GEOLOGICAL ^OTES IX THE GEEAT EXHI"BITIO>'. 
3^7 
raised is upwards of 100 tons per Treek, and tlie ore raised yields a higher 
percentage even than Wallaroo, but little by below 20 per cent., and a 
great deal yields 30 per cent. ^S^ear the surface the ore is chiefly green 
carbonate mixed with clay ; but at 7 or 8 ftithoms down it has changed 
to black and yellow ore, interspersed with large lumps of metallic copper, 
some of several pounds weight. The first discover}' of these rich deposits 
was in Xay, 1861. Xext to the Wallaroo and ^loonta mines, the most suc- 
cessful operations have been those of the "iS"ew Cornwall Alining Associa- 
tion." Their workings are 3 or 4 miles inland froai the Wallaroo mines, and 
about 45 men are now employed. From the lodes intended to be worked 
by the engine 800 tons have been raised, some giving the high yield of 40 
per cent. At these works the ore will be reduced by a process recently 
patented by Mr. K. Y. Eodda. The workings of the Duryea Mining Com- 
pany are about 3 miles from Kadina. At 18 feet below the surface green 
carbonate of copper was met with. At 20 feet below the surface drives 
were made in various directions, and in each copper was cut, in all cases 
dipping down ; at 25 feet water was met with, another shaft was then 
commenced ; and at 10 feet a fine course of mundic, with black quartz, 
was met, beneath which was a fine lode of black ore, 7 feet to 8^ feet 
thick, dipping to the south. Specimens were assayed, and gave 64 per 
cent, of copper. At 12 fathoms a drive was made from one shaft to 
the other in which 2 wingers were sunk, one 9 fathoms and the other 
4 fathoms. From these cut black ore has been raised, yielding from 52 to 
57^ per cent, of copper. Several mines, besides the Great Northern 
Company, have been opened in the tract of country north of Port 
Augusta; but though several of them are of high promise, want of 
capital and the difficult}^ of getting the ore to a shipping place have pre- 
vented the development of active operations. The Great Northern mines 
are about 290 miles north of Port Augusta, and working operations com- 
menced in June, 1860, and have been prosecuted with considerable vigour 
and success. Some 600 or 700 tons of ore, extracted without machinery, 
have been shipped to this country. These have been the usual carbonates 
and grey ores giving a high produce — 27 to 30 — and some as high as 40 
per cent. ; but the present deep levels are turning out sulphurets. 
Near Strathalbyn several mines producing copper and lead were opened 
many )^ears prior to the discovery of gold in Victoria, and considerable 
returns made from them. More recently, the Wheal Ellen mine in the 
same locality, producing lead, silver, and copper, with gold in the gossans, 
has been discovered. In the Bremer country a number of mines were 
opened also before the discovery of gold in Victoria, many which gave 
great promise of large results. Working has been renewed in one of 
them — the Bremer mine. The Kanmatoo mines on the estate of the 
South Australian Company have been worked for many years past, and 
large quantities of ore raised. Smelting furnaces for the ore have been 
raised in Scott's Creek, some four miles distant, and have tended largely 
to increase the profits of the undertaking. The whole of this district is 
highly mineralized. 
Geological Institute of Austeia. — This institution was founded by 
the present Emperor, Francis Joseph I., in 1859, under the directorship of 
Dr. Haidinger. The local directors are MM. Hauer, Lipoid, and Foetterle. 
The staff of assistant-geologists consists of M. D. Stur, Dr. Stache, M. 
Henrj' Wolf, Baron Audrian-Werberg. Dr. Stoliczka, and M. Chas. Paul. 
The archivist is Count Marschall von Burgholzhausen ; the director of the 
chemical laboratory, M. Hauer ; the librarian, M. Adolphe Senoner ; and 
Dr. Homes, the director of the Imperial Mineralogical Museum of 
Vienna, is an associate member of the staflf. 
