GEOLOGICAL ITOTES m THE GREAT EXITIBTTIO'N'. 
393 
brown- coal 15 to 20 feet of gas for lighting ; 37"4 per cent, of coke, wliich 
is like charcoal, and much used in cupola-furnaces and for the rectification 
of spirits ; and, finally, 4*5 per cent, of tar, with 35 '5 per cent, of auimoniacal 
water. This tar yields 17"5 per cent, of photogene, 26"6 of greasing oil, 
3*3 of paraffin, 16-9 asphalt, and 36*7 of kreosote. 
Tliis brown-coal seam is 12 feet thick. The same pro])rietors have other 
collieries ; one of whi^h, at Nabro, is excellent for the manufacture of alum, 
and at another, at Donetus, the coal has a thickness of 70 to 100 feet. 
At the Bonn Mining Company's works, on the right bank of the Ehine, 
near Obercassel, oil is extracted from the brown coal worked. 
The brown-coal measures of the Westerwald basin are situated in the 
Duchy of JNassau. They extend from Langenaubach on the north-east to 
Hartlingen on the south-west, a length of 16| miles; or to the extreme 
outlier at Nentershausen, 23| miles l3y a breadth of about 18 miles from 
Cautzenbriicken to Waldhausen ; the most important part being the dis- 
tricts of Maricuberg, Leiningen-Westerburg, and Hartlingen. These 
measures extend northwai'd into the Prussian district of Altenkirchen. 
The superficial extent of this field is estimated at 66 square miles, and at 
the bottom of the brown-coal seams bituminous clays of great thickness are 
met with, and small seams of dysodile. Experiments hare been made with 
a view of utilizing these beds in the production of mineral oil and paraffine. 
There are brown-coal measures also which extend in larger or small erbasins 
from the Upper Rhine, near Diirkheim, to Walleusen, between the rivers 
Weser and Leine, over an interrupted area of 188 miles by 57 between 
Marburgh and Tiefenort. Three groups of measures occur : to the lowest 
belong the seams worked at Zell, Hasenbriicker Hammer, and Salzhausen. 
This bed offers about 53 feet of good, and 47 feet of inferior brown coal ; but 
it diminishes towards Ostheim, where it is only 20 feet thick. The middle 
group comprises the seams of Kleinbach and Annerod, near Giessen, avail- 
able, although not yet applied, to the manufacture of mineral oil, and the 
pyritiferous seams of Keuhof. Five to seven seams are known of an 
average thickness of 20 feet, increasing in some places to 80 feet. North of 
the "V'ogelsberg brown-coal measures, belonging to the lower group, extend 
as far as the Habichtswald. Besides these, there are others stretching 
out to the north and east. One seam, for instance, 100 feet thick, is worked 
near Frielendorf ; another of ligneous and strong coal, 2 to 3 fathoms thick, 
near Eonneberg ; a third near Ostheim ; and others at Obermelsungen, 
Hesslar, Lammersberg, etc. 
In the district of Cassel a vein of 2 to 3 fathoms of coal of very good 
uality occurs, partly of shining coal (Pechkohle), in the vicinity of basaltic 
ykes. North of the Habichtswald other deposits are known. A curious 
accumulation of vegetable substances in the older alluvium, which goes 
also by the name of brown coal, may be passingly mentioned as occurring 
in the Prussian district of Hoxter, Westphalia. Seams of ligneous coal, 
30 feet thick, are also known on the right bank of the Fulda, in the district 
of Cassel. South of Kaufungen the coal is 2 to 3^ fathoms thick. The 
same seams extend into the district of Witzenhausen, being at Gross-Al- 
merode from 30 to 60 feet thick. Brown-coal basins also are found north 
of this district, in Hanover and Brunswick. Brown-coal measures, belong- 
ing to the lower group, are also met with at numerous places from the 
eastern side of the Vogelsberg to the Ehon mountains and the river 
Werra. The brown-coal measures on the western edge of the Ehon in 
Bavaria, are connected with the latter ; these consist in part of dysodile, 
and may become important for the manufacture of mineral oils. Anthra- 
citic brown coal is found at Wiistensachsen, and to the east on the more 
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