PROCEEDINGS OF GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 
81 
the submerged area towards the close of the glacial epoch began to be re-elevated 
and to rise again out of the waters, the ElepJias lydmigeiiim and some of its 
associates which were able to outstand the inclemency of that severe period, 
wandered back over their ancient territory, and mingled with the newer forms 
which similarly had wandered from other regions during the changes of land 
and sea ; and tlius the northern and the perhaps southern forms met together 
in the same temperate zone. We know from Ed. Torbes' studies that the 
mollusca of our district migrated thus during the glacial age into Italy, and 
that some have since retui-ned to our shores, while others have not yet reached 
again their ancient habitats, but are steadily working on towards it. We know 
also that in the deep holes and pits of the ocean there still are colonies of the old 
northern forms which spreading over the submerged area of those cold times 
have not been able to extricate themselves from such cavities, from which their 
dwarfed descendants are now to be dragged up. This is a speculation which I 
throw out for young and active geolgists to take up. My time is too fully 
occupied Avith the business and cares of life to allow me to devote much time 
now to field-stiLdies, but there are many who are glad of holidays, and who will 
be glad to know what is useful work to do in their pleasure-takings ; for them 
it is I throw out these ideas, not being selfish enough to wish to retain them 
when I cannot myself work them out. 
In some of the Glamorganshu'e caves Colonel Wood and Dr. Palconer have 
found a deposit containing Littorbia (perriwinkle) shells, and which deposit is 
comparable with the deposit often associated with the raised beaches of our 
coasts known to geologists under the name of " head," and which is equivalent 
to parts of the so-termed sub-aerial deposits of Mr. Godwin-Austen. Both 
above and below the cave-deposits, containing recent species of marine shells, 
the bones and grinders of Elephas primir/eniiis are found, as tliey are also in 
other places, commingled with the remains of the hitherto supposed younger 
and older races of the ancient mammalia. 
With respect to the ancient mammoth, we know that it was clothed with a 
coating of long hair, by which and its thick skin it was well provided against the 
inclemencies of the glacial age ; but how is it with the hippopotamus — so like, 
so undistinguishable from the existing H. 7najor, the inhabitant of torrid climes. 
I confess this creature's remains are a puzzle to me ; for granted that it could 
withstand the cold of that period, our knowledge of tlie present habits of the 
species does not permit us to believe that it could subsist without water. 
But I will proceed no further with the discussion of the habits of the great 
mammalia. I wished to exhibit in its true state the knowledge we possess of 
the first rcHcs of tlie human race, and to ])oint out tlie marks and character 
which indicate on the worked flints the evidences of human handling. 
PROCEEDINGS OF GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 
Geological Society of London".— November 21, 1800. 
" On the Geology of Bolivia and Southern Peru." By D. Eorbes, Esq., 
F.KS., E.G.S. With Notes on the Eossils by Prof. Huxley, E.R.S., Sec. G.S., 
and J. W. Salter, Esq., E.G.S. 
The author described the Post-Tertiary formations of the maritime district. 
These beds, containing existing species of shells, occur at various heights up to 
forty feet above the sea-level. Guano deposits are frequent along the coast, 
and deposits of salt also in raised beaches a little above the sea. The author 
