470 
THE GEOLOGIST. 
But we also find animals which, from all our previous pre-conceived 
associations, we had considered peculiar to the old world. The Ele- 
phants, of which one species (^E. Africanus) now exists in Africa, a 
second [E. Indicus) in India, and a third {E. Sumatranus) in Sumatra 
and Ceylon, apart from the extensive and widely-distributed evidences 
which we find of their fossil remains in Europe, India, China, and Aus- 
tralia, extended their geographical province in the later Tertiary age 
over the whole of North A merica. The species of elephant which we find 
in Siberia {E. j^rimigenius) has also been found over the whole of the 
space lately marked on our maps as the United States. South of the 
30th degree of N. latitude it however gives place to a totally difierent 
species of true Elephant (Elephas Texianus, Owen, E. Columbi? Fal- 
coner), the molars of which, by their less degree of complexity, were 
more adajDted to triturate the soft succulent herbage of Texas and 
Mexico. Besides these true Elephants, there existed in North Ame- 
rica many individuals of the genus Mastodon, to which the present 
communication more particularly alludes. The Mastodon Ohioticus of 
Blumenbach {cjiganteus, Cuv.) has been found in Post-Pliocene de- 
posits in North America, while in the Southern part of that continent 
the two species, Mastodon Andium and Humholdtii, supposed to be 
distinct, are found in various localities, to which I shall more parti- 
cularly allude. 
The Editor of the 13 th volume of the Quarterly Journal of the 
Geological Society," page 291, states, that "the Mastodon Andium 
occurs in Peru, Chile, and Tarija ; and that the M. Humholdtii occurs 
in Buenos Ayres, Brazil, and Columbia." He refers to Gervais and 
Laurillard as proofs of this statement. The reference to Tarija, how- 
ever, is a slip of the pen, as Gervais, in Castelnau's voyage, identifies 
the species found there as Humholdtii. We have thus two species of 
Mastodon in South America ; and it is alleged by Laurillard that the 
one {Andium) is confined to the elevated regions of the Cordillera de 
los Andes, and that the other {Humholdtii) is found in the watersheds 
of the Amazon, Orinoco, and La Plata. It will scarcely prove a 
matter of surprise to the philosophical geologist, that the species 
{Andium) which has the greatest vertical range should also have the 
greatest horizontal range in space. The M. Andium has been found 
at a further distance from the equator than any other Proboscidean 
quadruped in the southern hemisphere, excepting in Australia. At 
the lake Tagua-tagua, in about latitude S. 35 degrees, are found the 
remains of this animal, as well as of deer in great profusion. They have 
been described to the world by De Elainville (" Osteographie," art. 
Eleplias), by Claudio Gay (" Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile," Ma- 
malogia Fossil, plate 8), and by Mr. W. Bollaert, F.B.G.S. (" Geol. 
Journal," xiii. 1857, p. 291). It is a singular fact that the last writer 
should have been fortunate enough to discover the first elephantine 
remains in Texas, showing the furthest southern limit of the genus, 
Eleplias Texianus in North America, and that he should also have 
been a witness to the furthest southern limit in Chile of the contem- 
porary form, Mastodon Andium, in South America. The present 
