TUJ5 GEOLOGIST. 
ON ELONGATED RIDGES OF DRIFT, IN BERWICKSHIRE AND 
OTHER FARTS OF THE SOUTH OF SCOTLAND. 
By Mr. Milne-Home, F.G.S. 
!Mr. Milne-Home described several examples of tliese''Kaims"iii Berwickshire, 
Iloxbiirglisliire, and other places. He stated that they were so regular as to 
have the appearance of railway-embankments or forti'lications, and that tliey 
had often been mistaken for the latter. They were from forty feet to sixty feet 
in height, and sometimes could be traced for three or four miles. They were 
found at various heights above the sea up to seven hundred and fifty feet. In 
examining their internal structure they were seen to consist generally of sand, 
gravel, and boulders ; the latter generally rounded, but also occasionally angu- 
lar. He adverted to the fact that they are sometimes intersected by rivulets 
and even rivers, but that notwitlistaudiug tliis they had all the appearance of 
having, been wlien originally formed, continuous. The author olTercd some 
remarks on the agency supposed to have been concerned in the production of 
these "kaims." He repudiated the notion of their formation by glaciers. He con- 
sidered they were due to the action of water, as indicated by their internal 
structure ; and supposed that they must have been formed by the waters of 
the ocean when they stood at least eight liundred feet above its present level. 
The only question, as he thought, was ^vllcther they had been thrown up as 
submarine s))its or banks, or whether tlicy had been formed by a process of 
scooping out, when the land emerged from the ocean. His opinion wavered 
between these two views, bat he was inclined to favour the last, as he thouglit 
that the violent action of tides and currents was inconsistent with the layers 
of fine sand whicli frequently occurred in the kaims. 
REMARKS ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST, AS 
EXHIBITED BY THERMOMETRICAL RETURNS OBTAINED DURING 
THE SINKING OF THE DEEP MINE AT DUKINFIELD. 
By W:.r. Faiebairx, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 
Wm. Fairbairn, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., ^i\\d — It is now more than ten years 
since a series of experiments v,as commenced to determine the temperature 
at v.hich certain substances became fluid under pressure. These experiments 
had reference to the density, point of fusion, and conducting povrer of the 
]n:i<^erials of v.'hicli the earth's crust is composed, and vrere prosecuted with a 
view to the solution of some questions regarding the probable thickness of the 
earth's crust. Contemporaneously witli these, we were fortunate in being able 
to ascertain by direct experiments, under very favourable circumstances, the 
in.crease of tempeniture in the earth's crust itself. Tiiese observations were 
obtained by means of thermometers placed in bore-holes at various depths, 
during the sinking of one of the deepest m.ines in England, the coal-mine 
belonging to E. D. Astley, Esq., at Dukinfield. The bore-holes were driven to 
such a deptli as to be unaffected by tlie temperature in the shaft, and tlie 
tlierraometers were left in them for periods varying from half an hour to two 
hours. It is very ditticult to arrive at accurate data on the subject of the 
