SALT AND SALINE SPRINGS. 353 
the marbles of the United States : we may, how- 
ever, remark, that no country on the globe can 
furnish a greater variety, or those of a more beau- 
tiful and durable character. 
Salt. — Sahne springs abound in the State of 
New -York and in the Valley of the Mississippi. 
Onondaga and Cayuga counties are particularly rich 
in this mineral ; and brine-springs have been found 
for upward of 100 miles, in a range a little west 
of north of a line drawn through Lenox, Madison 
county. There are at present near Onondaga Lake 
four wells and pump-works for the raising and dis- 
tributing of brine, under the direction of the state 
authorities, viz., one at Salina, another at Syra- 
cuse, a third at the village of Geddes, and a fourth 
near Liverpool. At Salina the well is 70 feet deep, 
and the brine is raised by forcing-pumps high 
enough to fill a reservoir, which supplies the salt- 
works of the village, as well as, occasionally, those 
at Syracuse and Liverpool. Dr. Beck states, that 
this well affords more brine than all the others, and 
that the pumps raise 482 gallons in a minute, or 
S8,920 gallons in an hour. The temperature of the 
brine, which is perfectly limpid and sparkling, is 
50O (Fah.), and it requires 43 1-2 gallons to yield a 
bushel of salt, weighing 56 lbs. The well at Syra- 
cuse is 170 feet deep; temperature of the brine, 5Io 
Fah. ; the pumps raise 02 gallons in a minute, and 
46 gallons make a bushel of salt. In boring for the 
Liverpool well, which is 50 rods from Onondaga 
Lake, the strata passed through were marl, 12 feet ; 
fine sand, 14 feet; fine clay, 43 feet; gravel, 81 
feet ; total, 150 feet. The brine at these wells is 
chiefly evaporated by boiling in large iron kettles. 
Solar evaporation also is employed to considerable 
extent, and likewise steam, which is passed through 
the vats in tubes. This furnishes salt in fine cubic 
crystals, of great purity. 
The quantity of salt manufactured in the United 
G G 2 
