114 
THE GEOLOGIST. 
the escarpment, had found a passage to the -west, through what is novi- an 
upland valley. 
Boxe-Cave at Cefn, Flintshike. — Cefu Cave was first explored by 
the Eev. Edward Stanle}^ late Bishop of Norwich, in 1832. It lies in the 
carboniferous limestone of Denbighshire, near St. Asaph, in the Vale of 
Cylfredan, on the west side of the Vale of Ebwy. It is on the side and 
near the top of a steep escarpment overlooking the river. Most of the 
bones were probably dragged in by beasts of prey, of which it serA-ed as 
the den ; others may have dropped in through cracks in the roof. The 
following species, named by Dr. Falconer, have been observed ; many of 
these were in the pobsession of Lieut. -Colonel Watkins Wynne, on whose 
property the cave lies: — JElephas antiquus. Rhinoceros Jiemitcpchus, Rhi- 
noceros iichorinus. Hippopotamus major, Bos, Cervus, etc. No human 
remains have been found in it, but human bones have been found at a 
lower level in the base of the same escarpment. In tlie Vale of Clwyd 
there is much stratified drift, with ice-scratched boulders and sea-shells ; 
aad Professor Eamsay says the cave has clearly been submerged during 
the glacial or drift period, as he and Dr. Falconer have found fragments 
of cockles and other marine shells in the clay, and amongst the gravel and 
stones with which it is filled. 
Peat Sandstone.— Dr. Mega states, in ' Hameberg's Journal,' that 
there occurs in the heaths of Hannover (America) a kind of moss-bed pan, 
which consists of sand cemented by peat ; though, on account of its colour, 
it is generally thought to be either bog-iron or iron-sandstone. It is 
formed by the evaporation of bog-water from a nearly pure quartz sand. 
The grains of sand first acquire a yellow, then a brown, and finally a dark 
brown or black colour. When the peat solution evaporates, the peat is 
left in a form no longer soluble in water. It gradually fills up the inter- 
stices of the sand, and makes an impenetrable mass possessing a good de- 
gree of hardness and tenacity. AT ben this peat sandstone is placed in 
ammonia a dark solution of humic acid is obtained, and nothing but white 
sand remains. 
CoppEE Age of Ameeica. — M. Morlot has drawn attention to this topic. 
He says : — Some more light seems to be thrown on the date of the 
" Copper Age "by the fact recorded in Schoolcraft's 'Indian Tribes' (vol. i. 
p. 133). Twelve miles from Duudas, Canada West, there Avere discovered, 
about 1837, extensive ossuaries, and among the bones were found amulets of 
the red pipestone of Coteau des Prairies (Minnesota), copper bracelets like 
those of the old graves in the West, a Pyrula spirata and a P. perversa, 
both from the Gulf of Mexico, four antique pipes used without stems, and 
corresponding with an antique pipe from an ancient grave at Thunder Bay, 
Michigan, a worked gorget of sea-shell, with red nacre and sliell-beads of 
the same kind as those said to have been found in the gigantic mound of 
Grave Creek, Virginia. All this goes to characterize the ossuaries of 
Beverley as beloiiging to the time of the mound-builders — that is, of the 
" Copper Age." But these ossuaries have also, yielded some beads and 
baldrics of glass and coloured enamel (figured by Schoolcraft, pi. xxiv. and 
XXV.). This find is not single in its kind, for according to Schoolcraft 
(' Lead Mines of Missouri,' 2nd part, 1819), beads agreeing completely 
with those of Beverley were found in 1817 in antique Indian graves, at 
Hamburg, Erie county. New York. Schoolcraft distinctly points out the 
beads as of European origin. This M. Morlot thinks unquestionable, as 
the native industry of America never produced glass or enamel ; and he 
furtlier states that similar beads have been obtained in Sweden, and Den- 
mark, and Germany. These beads are not, according to Minutoli's paper 
