EEYIEWS. 
119 
measurements in all cases must be referred," such base-line being drawn 
througli the centres of the basioccipital, basisphenoid, and presphenoid 
bones respectively. Examples are given of this mode of comparison. 
Professor Huxley, we think rightly, declines to decide whether the Engis 
isting races of man, and turning to the Engis skull, he says, " I can lind no 
character in the remains of that cranium which, if it were a recent skull, 
would give any trustworthy clue as to the race to which it might apper- 
tain. Its contours and measurements agree very well with those of some 
Australian skulls which I have examined, and especially has it a tendency 
towards that occipital flattening, to the great extent of which, in some 
Australian skulls, I have alluded. But all Australian skulls do not present 
this flattening, and the supraciliary ridge of the Engis skull is quite unlike 
that of the typical Australian. On the other hand, its measurements agree 
equally well with those of some European skulls, and assuredly, there is 
no mark of degradation about any part of its structure. It is, in fact, a 
fair average human skull, which might have belonged to a philosopher, or 
might have contained the thoughtless brains of a savage." 
" The case of the ]N^eanderthal skull is ver\^ different. Under whatever 
aspect we view this cranium, whether we regard its vertical depression, 
the enormous thickness of its supraciliary ridge, its sloping occiput, or its 
long and straight squamosal suture, we meet with apelike characters, 
stamping it as the most pithecoid of human crania yet discovered. But 
Professor Schaaffhausen states that the cranium, in its present condition, 
holds 1033'24 cubic centimetres of water, or about G3 cubic inches, and as 
the entire skull could hardly have held less than an additional 12 cubic 
inches, its capacity may be estimated as about 75 cubic inches, which is 
the average capacity given by Morton for Polynesian and Hottentot skulls. 
So large a mass of brain as this would alone suggest that the pithecoid 
tendencies, indicated by this skull, did not extend deep into the organiza- 
tion, and this conclusion is borne out by the dimensions of tlie other bones 
of the skeleton, given by Professor SfhaafThausen, which show that the 
absolute height and relative proportions of the limbs were quite those of a 
European of middle stature. The bones are indeed shorter, but this, and 
the great development of the muscular ridges noted by Dr. Schaaffhausen 
are characters to be expected in savages. The Patagonians, exposed with- 
out shelter or protection to a climate possibly not very dissimilar from 
that of Europe at the time during wliich the Neanderthal man lived, are 
remarkable for the stoutness of their limb bones. In no sense, then, can 
the Neanderthal bones be regarded as the remains of a human being inter- 
mediate between man and the apes. At most, they demonstrate the ex- 
istence of a man whose skull may be said to revert somewhat towards the 
pithecoid type, just as a Carrier, or a Pouter, or a Tumbler, may some- 
times put on the plumage of its primitive stock, the Cohimha livia. And 
indeed, though trul}' the most pithecoid of known human skulls, tlie Nean- 
derthal cranium is by no means so isolated as it appears to be at first, but 
forms in reality the extreme term of a series leading gradually from it to 
the highest and best developed of human crania. One the one hand, it is 
closely approached by the flattened Australian skulls of which I have 
spoken, from which other Australian forms lead us gradually up to skulls 
having very much the type of the Engis cranium ; and on the other hand, 
it is even more closely affined to the skulls of certain ancient people who 
inhabited Denmark during the ' stone period,' and were probably either 
contemporaneous with or later than the makers of the ' refuse heaps ' or 
' Kjokkenmoddings ' of that country. The correspondence between the 
