PEOCEEDINGS OF GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 
139 
limestone, species of which genus occur also in the Oxford Clay of Wilt- 
shire and the Oolite and Lias of Germany. 
The following specimens, presented to the Society's collection, were ex- 
hibited : — 
A specimen of columnar brown coal from near the Basalt, Gross Alme- 
rode; presented by ^Y. J. Hamilton, Esq., F.E.S., Sec.G.S. 
A cast of a fragment of a tooth of Mastodon, from a gravel-pit at Swaff- 
ham; presented by C. B. Eose, Esq., F.G=S. 
Geographical Society. — February 23rc?. — " On the Discharge of 
Water from the Interior of Greenland, through Springs underneatli the 
Ice." By Dr. H. Eink, The whole of Greenland may be calculated to be 
somewhat more than 300,000 square miles, and there is reason to suppose 
that a mountain range runs through it from north to south, dividing it into 
two portions. There being also reason to believe that this water-parting 
lies nearer to the east than west side. Dr. Eink assumes that 200,000 out 
of the 300,000 square miles discharge their waters into Davis' Straits and 
BalBn's Bay. Every glacier is a mountain river ; the upper part, turned 
into ice, still continues to move, but this change cannot extend so far as to 
comprise all the water contained in the original river. Some part of it 
must continue to flow, in a liquid form, either on the top of the glacier or 
through channels underneath it. Wherever the inland ice reaches the 
sea, having a perceptible motion out into it, there is always observed 
a motion in the water, in front of the outer edge of the solid ice, like that 
of large spr'nigs issuing from the bottom. The water looks as if it were 
boiling or agitated by a whirlpool, and myriads of sea-birds are continually 
seen to hover about these spots, incessantly diving and snatching after food 
in the brackish water. But the most remarkable thing is, that a lake, 
lying close up to the ice at some distance from the sea, presents phe- 
nomena similar to those in the sea in front of the ice. The water in 
it rises and falls periodically. When it rises the neighbouring springs 
from the bottom of the sea are seen to decrease ; on the other hand, when- 
ever it falls, the springs increase. Dr. Eink thinks that these phenomena 
might be carefully observed at a large ice-fiord during the winter, and that 
much valuable information would be the result. 
Manchester Geological Society. — Janua)^ 21th. — Two beautiful 
specimens of Aviculopecten were presented by Mr. Butterworth, of ]Moor 
Side. They were remarkable for retaining their natural convex form ; 
specimens of this fossil being generally found quite flat. They are from 
the large nodules lying over the Upper Foot Coal at Doghill, near Oldliam ; 
the first mine above the Gannister. 
A conversation then took place respecting the marine shells found in the 
black shales on the banks of the river Tame, at Dukinfield. Mr. Taylor 
said he had there found a Goniatites Listcri as large as the palm of his 
hand, and also a crinoidal stem. Mr. Binney had found Orthoceratites at 
the same place. These beds were generally looked upon as some of the 
lower series of coal-measures brought up by a fault ; but no one has exa- 
mined thoroughly the strata, and no fault having been proved, they may not 
unfairly be presumed to belong to the upper coal-field. Mr. G. Charlton 
said there was a sufficient breadth of strata between those known on each 
side to admit of the existence of a fault, but there were no indications of 
one that could throw up the lower measures there. 
The papers read were — 
1. " On the Cambrian Strata of the Isle of Man," by John Taylor, Esq., 
being the results of observations made on the Manx Cambrians during a 
series of visits, but more especially in the autumn of last year. 
