PllOCEEDINGS OF GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 
195 
in tlie special instance of coast-ice. These sandstone boulders are much 
more likely to be Old Red Sandstone or millstone grit. That they have 
been brought from the vale of the Tees and across the Pennine chain in 
their course to a higher level, is extremel}' improbable. 
Mr. Binney said Mr. Whitaker had brought some of the veritable red 
sandstone, which he had no hesitation in saying was millstone grit or rough 
rock, from the neighbourhood. 
Mr. Whitaker said the ravine from which these stones have come he 
knew well. They are making a reservoir there, and the water-manager, 
at his request, brought down tliese boulders from the same heap that Mr. 
Wilkinson had examined. The course of the stream, from its source in the 
hills to the place at which the boulders were met with, runs over the out- 
crop of the millstone grit, many seams of which cannot be distinguished 
from these so-called New Eed Sandstone boulders, but which, in his opi- 
nion, are nothing more than pieces of grit torn off and rounded by the force 
of the torrent ; and so long as we have rocks near home that will account 
for these boulders, we are not warranted in going hundreds of miles away 
for them. If it be Xew Red Sandstone, it can only be found in any 
quantity as boulders, but it exists in any quantity iii situ in the lower coal- 
measures. If he understood Mr. Wilkinson rightly, he speaks of the 
boulder clay having been deposited previous to the upheaval of the Pen- 
nine chain ; but, from his own observations, he had arrived at an opposite 
conclusion, namely, that the land had much the same configuration then 
as now, with the exception of standing at a much lower level with regard 
to the sea. If, as stated by Mr. Wilkinson, the drift had been deposited 
upon a level plain, and the upheavals had taken place afterwards, the hills 
would have taken the boulder clay up with them, and we should have 
found it upon the tops of the highest of them. But such is not the fact. 
The drift can be traced to a height of from 1300 to 1400 feet, but no higher. 
Still, there is evidence that the sea of that time reached a height sufficient 
to submerge hills of from 1500 to 1600 feet. On Boulsworth, for instance, 
there are large numbers of enormous boulders, some of which, right on the 
crest of the hill, some 1600 feet high, are furrowed and grooved almost like 
gridirons, as if tlie icebergs had been stranded in floating across, and had 
grated upon the rocks strewn upon tlie bottom of the sea. But on Pendle 
we have an entirely different appearance. On the top we have no drift, 
nor any of the very large boulders that we find on Boulsworth. Growing 
on Pendle (1800 feet) is the semi-arctic plant Riihus Chamcsmorus, which, 
according to the theory of the late lamented Professor Forbes, may be a 
relic of the glacial fiora. The same plant may be seen on Whernside and 
Ingleborough, but he had not been able to meet with any traces of it on 
the lower ranges of hills, such as Bouldsworth or Hameldon ; hence it is 
not improbable that hills of from 1500 to 1600 feet in height were sub- 
merged, but hills that approached to, or reached over 2000 feet, stood out 
as low islands in the cold and dreary sea of the Drift period. 
Mr. Binney said the flint which Mr. Whitaker has now exhibited is a 
flint having certain chippings ; and it may be taken as a moderately good 
example of an ancient arrow-head. It is of the same character, though 
rudely formed, as those which have, without question, been made artifi- 
cially. It was found in the valley-gravel beyond Barrowford, and it is the 
very place where Mr. Prestwich and himself have been looking for them 
for some time. He should not like to say positively that this has been a 
portion of an arrow-head j but it is more like one than any other flint he 
had as yet seen in these beds. It is a chalk flint, and such are very 
rarely, if ever, found in these valleys. He thought they would be found 
in the gravel near Manchester. 
