rORETGN INTELLIGENCE. 
399 
and at Abbeville, maintained tbat men lived contemporaneously witli the 
cave-bear and other animals whose remains are found in caverns, and 
urged the necessity of further studies, especially of the crania discovered 
by Schmerling in Belgium. 
In his professional course of the past jeav he again briefly touched on 
this topic, and during the present year has expressed his deliglit with the 
important writings of Lyell and Huxley, — reminding his audience that it 
was not since the publication of those works, but long before in the Italian 
University, that he had supported these ideas which are now so rapidly 
gaining ground, and had predicted the results now attained. 
In his lecture rtferred to, the Professor gave an historical sketch of the 
pretended and true discoveries of fossil human remains, commencing with 
the fossil bones discovered at Chaumont in 1613, and attributed to the 
Cimbrian king Tetobochus, about which M. ]Mazurier, surgeon of Beaure- 
paire, speculated for a time ; they were next transferred to the museum at 
Bordeaux as human bones, where De Blainville afterwards readily recog- 
nized them as belonging to a proboscidian animal. Then followed the story 
of the Homo diluvii testis discovered b}' Scheuzer, which, accorduig to 
Gruhner, in 1773, proved to be nothing more than a skeleton of a gigantic 
salamander ; then that of the fossil man discovered at Fontainel)leau, in 
1828, which was found to be but a mass of fragments of Armaria conglu- 
tinata sand, simulating the form of a horse and horseman; and so on, 
through various facts and fictions, to the discoveries of M. Boucher de 
Perthes in the environs of Abbeville, and the results obtained from re- 
searches since 1856 amongst the pile-works of the lakes of Switzerland, 
and those in the Italian lakes, especially in the Lago Maggiore, by M. 
Desor ; also those in the peat and turf deposits and sea-shores made by 
Gastaldi, Moro, Strobel, and otiiers. 
Analysing Lyell's work, he sho^^ ed how, by means of fresh observations 
on the remains in the Belgian caverns, the laws of progressive development 
and the origin of the species by A'^ariations are supported. In fact, Lyell 
and Huxle}'^, by a comparison of the fossil crania found at Neanderthal 
and Engis, with those of the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and others, have 
been enabled to fix the relationships and the differences which exist 
between the present races of man, fossil man, and the various species of 
anthropoid apes. 
From these studies, and those of Morlot, we are tolerably certain that 
fossil man is to be found in every post-tertiary deposit, and that the fre- 
quency of his relics sensibly diminishes the more remote the epoch ; the 
same fact is likewise verified by the dog, the cow, and other animals, 
which were the earliest companions of man. 
The Belgian or Engis man was contemporary with the cave-bear, but the 
Diisseldorf or Neanderthal was unlike the first, and showed such an ana- 
logy of structure with the pithecus, that at first sight it could hardly be 
believed to belong to the human genus. According to the theory of the 
origin of species by variations, it must necessarily belong to an epoch far 
anterior and difficult to calculate. Between the Belgian and the Diissel- 
dorf man the Australian type ought to be intercalated. 
Admitting these truths as confirmed by facts, we are still far from a 
certain knowledge of the species which ought to unite the anthropoid 
apes with the human species, although the question seems now to be nearer 
a solution, by the discovery of the jN eanderthal cranium, which Professor 
Schaff hausen justly declared to be of all the human fossils the one which 
approaches most nearly to the ape ; and close examinations have led to the 
conclusion that between the Neanderthal man and the gorilla, if judged 
