THE GEOLOGIST. 
" In conclusion, I would remark that I have merely selected the cracker- 
nodules in illustration of the siiliject ; similar occurrence of concretions being 
repeated at intervals throughout the whulc series of the Greensand strata, as at 
Blackgang and (Jlill 's End. Also at yiiankhn, in the nodules of ironstone, and in 
a greyish gritty sandstone, are nuniy of the same kinds of fossils as at Atherfield, 
togetlier with othere not to be found in the ' Crackers.' Therefore, as they have 
all died together, the (juestion arises, Did they all live and feed together? — 
YoUI-S, &C.,' M. W. NOKMAN." 
Caucasian Geology. — " Sir, — I have just read through with intense interest 
that best of monuments to a gix'at and glorious spirit passed away, 'The Testi- 
mony of the liocks,' by Hugh Miller; and in his eighth lecture, on the Noachian 
Deluge, where he so clearly ])roves ' that season of judgment' to have overtaken 
only the then inhabited world, ' the Low Stejipe of the Caucasus,' it occurred to 
me, that if this were the case (which I accept ni full faith, as coming from such an 
authority), bones of those wondrous antediluvian giants might be found in that 
region, and there alone. Does no geologist care to make such a search / where, 
too, the hidden marvels must lie so near the surface, comparatively speaking, and 
where the discovery would set one more seal to the truths of his wondrous science. 
Yours, &c., E. ¥j. Byng, Lyniington." 
The geology of the Caucasus and its vicinity is laid down in a handsome map 
by Koch, and has to some extent been worked out in detail by Koch, Abich, and 
others ; but mammalian remains appear to be rare in the snj)erficial deposits, as 
fiir as observation has yet been made in that wild country, and no fossil human 
bones have l)een met with. M. Abich, of St. Petersburgh, is, we believe, now 
occu))ied hi a large work ou Caucasian geology. 
Geology of Siiap District. — " Professor Phillips, in his ' Treatise on Geo- 
logy,' when descrii)ing the erratic block group, says, ' that the line followed by the 
blocks from Shap through Lancashire, and northward to Carlisle, is in a great 
depression jiarallel to the faidt of the Penine chain.' 
" L Do the strata diji from Shap into the vale of Eden, and then rise towards 
the Penine chain of mountains, so as to form a trough-fonned depression '! 2. Or 
do they dij) from Shaji to the we.stern or down-thrown side of the Penine fiiult ; 
anil then on the eastern, or uiihcave-side, dip away again to the eastward I 3. Is 
there a ridge of high grotmd from Urton by llavenstonedale and Mallerstang Forest 
through this depression, and does its general altitude seem to be as high as the 
low i)art of the Penine chain on Stainmoor 1 4. To what fonnations do the 
deposits which rest in the hollow from Carlisle to Kirby Lonsdale belong, and 
what is their nature ? — John Curry." 
1. The strata dip from Shap at a slig-lit angle to the Cr.aven fault, and then at 
•m increased angle to Eden : towards the Penine fault and chain they rise again ; 
but the stratification is not very clear in its details to the east. 2. The beds still 
dip westwardly on the eastern side of the Penine fault ; but the strata are locally 
disturbed. 3. We are not personally acquainted with the physical and geological 
details in this district. A comparison of the Ordnance Survey and any good 
ge(drigical map will help the querist. 4. From Carlisle the New Red Sandstone 
reaches to about midway between Lazonby and Appleby ; the underlying Permian 
beds are then exposed as far as Brough and Kirby Stephen. The Mountain or 
Scar- limestone then succeeds to the south-east as far as Ravensdale, where the old 
Silurian Schists are exposed. These extend to Kirby Lonsdale, with the excep- 
tion of some intervening patches of Mountain Limestone and Old Red Conglo- 
merate. 
."Mammalian Remains. — " Sir, — In turning over the pages of old topogra- 
phical books I often meet with notices of nuimmalian remams. If you think the 
extracts I have sent will seiTe any useful piui)osc in Mr. Prestwich's inquiry, 
I shall be pleased to furnish you with more of them from time to time. — F. S. A." 
" In the cutting of some works at P]au Brink (near King's Ljain) in 1819, at 
the <le])th of twenty-two feet from the surface of the earth and in a bed of .shingle, 
a (piantity of various kinds of nuirine shells was found, and from thence was taken 
out a pair of beautiful antlers attached to the upper part of a skull, with every 
