PROCEEDINGS OF aEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 
171 
the southern extremity of the Malvern range. These investigations lead me to 
infer tliat many crystalline masses, formerly believed to be of plutonic origin, must 
now be consitlered as altered sedimentary deposits, and that much of what local 
geologists arc in the habit of classing under the convenient head of " Malvern 
syenite" is an ancient sedimentary rock, much displaced and altered, but which 
may turn out, on further investigation, to be tiie equivalent of the old Scotch 
gneiss. 1 hope to be able to say nuire on this subject at our next meeting. 
Respecting the Lingula-flags of Malvern (black shales) Sir Roderick Murchison 
adheres to his former coiTclat^ion of these rocks, and i)laces the Lingula-tlagstone 
of Wales, the Stipcr-stones, the " Holly-bvish sandstone " of Malvern, and the 
Tremadoc and Arenig slates, as the base of his Lower Silurian rocks, which con- 
formably overlie the Cambrian deposits just alhided to. Sir Roderick ha.s given 
an excellent section (" Siluria," p. 10.5) of the strata which intervene between the 
soutli end of the Malverns and Ledbuiy, and which I recommend you to consult, 
while, at the same time, I still hold to the opinion that our " Holy-Bush sand- 
stone " should be correlated as a Cambrian deposit of the sanie age as the Long- 
mynds. 
You are aware that great interest attaclies to our Malvern black schists, tlirough 
the discovery, by Professor John Phillips, of Oxford, of sundry little crustaceans, 
belonging to the family of Trilobites, of the geiuis Olenusj as, also, through Mr. 
Hugli Strickland's discovery, on the occasion of one of our general meetings, of 
the A ;/nos(us pisifortnis, another cnistacean found in the same low horizon of life 
in Bohemia, Scandinavia, and North Wales. You will, therefore, be interested 
in my discovery during last autmnn, when accompanied by my friend, Mr. Pitson, 
of another organic link in the evidence which connects oiu' ftlalvern black schists 
with the " primordial zone " of distant lands This fos.sil is termed " Dktijonema 
sociale," and is a Bryozoon, '• which," says Sir R. Murchison, " is exceedingly inte- 
resting, as showing a probable connexion between the Fenestellidfe and the 
Graptolites ;" it also furnishes an " additional reason for regarding the ' Olenus- 
shaJes' of Malvern as belonging to the primordial zone " ( " Siluria," p. 47, and p. 562). 
This fossil, like the httle trilobites above mentioned, is by no means abundant, 
and requires careful searching for. I have, however, conducted several geologists to 
the locality, and we have generally succeeded in carrying off a prize. Specimens 
have been sent to the Malvern, Worcester, and Jermyn Street Aluseums. 
From the Lingula beds to the Upper Llandovery rocks there is, at Malvern, a 
great hiatus, the Llandeilo, Caradoc, and Lower Llandovery rocks being absent ; 
and the place of those deposits is occupied by an outbiu-st of igneous rock, known 
as the "trap-bosses" of Prof Phillips. 1 must refer you to "Siluria" for Sir 
Roderick's explanation of the identification of the rocks and fossils of the " Bala- 
limestone " with those of Caer-Caradoc ; suffice it again to rejjeat that the term 
" Caradoc " nnist be blotted out from the list of our Malvern rocks and fossils, for 
the "Bala-beds" are certainly wanting, as I, years ago, nuiintained. The deter- 
mination of a transitional or passage-zone of rocks near Llandovery is an impor- 
tant point, proving that there is no breach between the Lower and Upper Silurian 
strata. There is no doubt that our so-called Caradoc-beds of Malvern are no more 
than Upper Llandovery or May Hill deposits. Prof Sedgwick first detected the 
mistake in the May Hill district. My brother naturalists will be interested to 
learn that a beautiful fucoid was fomid in a fragment of the Llandovery sandstone 
by our friend Mr. Edwin Lees, and tlmt tliis specimen is figui'ed in Sir Roderick's 
new edition of " Sihiria " (p. 106). 
I have several times visited the tunnel near Ledbury ; and, a few days ago, 
accompanied by Mr. Francis Brooks, I carefidly examined the strata fi-om the 
entrance to the farthest extremity at which the workmen have anived. In most 
respects the section is similar to that of the railway-cutting north of Ludlow ; 
but the strata are more inclined. The " fossil-band " of grey micaceous sand- 
stone, with fragments of plants and Crustacea, and associated with red marls, is 
exposed as at Ludlow. The rock now worked is the Downton sandstone. 
The discovery of the Lower Old Red fish-remains last season, at Cradley, near 
Malvern, was then alluded to, and also the important detection, by Sir Roderick 
Murchison, of the reptilian chai-acter of the Stagonolepis Rohertsoni, from the 
