THE GEOLOGIST. 
IS of a dark ochreous colour, in fact, just the colour of the highly de- 
composed Silurian pebble, and seems perfectly to answer to its final 
debris. The stones in good preservation, are much striated, and the 
boulders beautifully smoothed and grooved. In this arena, encircled 
partly by rock (Silurian) with boulder clay in section, and partly by 
the refuse heaps, the student of glacial phenomena may find ample oc- 
cupation. Ice-scratched boulders of limestone and intercalated iron- 
ore, are there thrown to light ; while lying out exposed, are huge blocks 
of the former, marvellously cut and hacked in every possible direction. 
The effect of turbid water upon stone is shown here. The limestone 
blocks within its influence have undergone great decomposition, and 
are moulded down into grotesque figures and shapes, similar to what 
are seen on the surface of limestone commons, and used for orna- 
mental rock-work. Their surfaces are rough as sandstone, coated 
with a fine, almost impalpable, red powder. They are imbedded in 
a dark brown substance, probably " Black Mack," described by Mr. 
Cameron, vol. xix. page 27 of the ' Quarterly Journal of the Geolo- 
gical Society.' 
When the stratified beds in the boulder clay rest upon the rock, 
although the rounded or planed outline may be preserved, it is found 
to possess a much rougher surface than when covered by the unstra- 
tified boulder clay. This is seen on the rounded rock by the via- 
duct before noticed ; one side of which is covered by the following 
beds : — 
Soil. ft. in. 
Boulder clay, with striated stones 3 0 
Large stones and sand 2 0 
Pebbles mixed with sand 16 
Grey sand 6 
Larger pebbles 3 
Sharp grey gravel 3 
The Silurian rock under these is beautifully hollowed out and 
rounded, but it is extremely rough to the hand, is very soft, and 
shows symptoms of decay. 
In a limestone quarry, north-west of Ulverstone, in a well-sinking 
nearer tlie town, and also, I believe, in the railway-cutting, rough- 
ened and curiously-shaped limestones, similar to those near the iron 
ore, have been met with, lying under stratified gravels, capped with 
boulder clay. In the quarry instance, I imagine the upper bed has 
been much broken up, antecedently to the moulding and roughening 
of the fragments. They are imbedded in a soft plastic clay ; clearly, 
I think, a deposit from water. 
But there is another, and perhaps more difficult problem connected 
with the boulder clay, which is, when loose gravels and sand, in no 
respect diff"ering from that deposit in "iithological character, lie next 
the surface-soil. 
This is the case on Gill Brow : a moraine bank, a mile to the 
south-east of Lindale moor, at about 300 feet elevation above the 
sea. 
