46 
ZOOLOGY OF THE FAR EAST. 
Family VIVIPARIDAE. 
Genus Vivipara, Lamarck. 
Vivipara japonica, v. Martens. 
1879. Paludina japonica, Kobelt, op. cit., p. 404, pi. xi, fig. i. 
1897. Paludina oxytropis var. japonica, Iwakawa, Annoi. Zool. Japon. I, p. 88, pi. v, fig. 17. 
1902. Viviparus japonims. Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. LIV, p. 117, pi. ix, fig. i. 
1909. Vivipara japonica, Kobelt in Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. {ed. Kuster) I, pt. XXI (2), 
Paludina, p. 99, pi. xv, figs. 1-4. 
This is not a lacustrine form, though it may perhaps be occasionally found in 
the lake. It is abundant in rice-fields near Hikone 
Pilsbry records the species from Yamashiro, and Iwakawa from Kikuchu in the 
north-eastern part of the Main Island. 
Vivipara malleata, Reeve. 
1879. Paludina sielmaphora, Kobelt, op. cit., p. 406, pi. xi, figs. 4, 5. 
1897. Paludina stelmaphora, Iwakawa, op. cit., p. 85, pi. v, figs. 1-4. 
1902. Viviparus malleatiis, Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 116, pi. ix, figs. 6, 7. 
1909. Vivipara malleata, Kobelt, op. cit., p. 104, pi. xv, figs. 8, 9; pi. xvii, figs. 8-13. 
V . malleata is an inhabitant of small pools of water ; it is very common in those 
round the Miidera monasteries on the hill behind Otsu. I saw no specimens in the 
lake. 
It is widely distributed in Japan, from the extreme north of the Main Island to 
the Liu-Kiu Is. and Formosa, and is closely related to the Chinese V . stelmaphora, 
with which it was formerly identified by some authors. 
Vivipara sclateri, Ffld. 
1879. Paludina ingallsiana, Kobelt, (nec Reeve), op. cit., p. 408, pi. x, figs. 14-18 ; pi. xi, fig. 2. 
1897. Paludina ingallsiana, Iwakawa, Annot. Zool. Japon. I, p. 86, pi. v, figs. 5-7. 
1902. Vivipa/us sclateri, Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 118, pi. ix, fig. 4. 
1909. Vivipara sclateri, Kobelt, op. cit., p. 102, pi. xvi, figs. 1-9 ; pi. xvii, figs. 1-5. 
This is one of the commonest molluscs of the lake, occurring both among weeds 
and on a bare bottom with M. multigranosa, Corbicula viola, etc. We took specimens 
at a depth of about 43 fathoms. 
We have in the Indian Museum specimens from the late Dr. J. Anderson's Jap- 
anese collection labelled " Paludina pseudoingallsiana, Nevill," but this appears to be 
a nomen nudum. 
The known range of the typical form of the species embraces the central part of 
the Main Island of Japan. There is some doubt as to the varieties that have been 
described and Pilsbry is of the opinion that V. sclateri may be no more than a variety 
of V. histricus, which is known from Kagoshima to the south. 
