— 22 — 
to retain the packing in position. I have never found any mate- 
rial other than mud or sand used for packing the thighs, although 
small quantities o£ sawdust may be inixed with the earthy 
packing. When the neck and legs had been packed in the 
manner just described the body cavity could then, in most cases, 
be packed. It occasionally happened, however, that the embalmer, 
his hand placed in the body cavity, separated (probably with 
a knife) the muscular tissue from the abdominal margin o£ 
the thoracic wall and through the opening thus made forced 
pièces o£ linen or pebbly sand between the skin and the chest wall. 
I have observed this only in the cases of two female mummies in 
which the breasts (mammae) were packed in this manner (Pl.YIII, 
figure 1). The stuffing was in other cases done in an entirely différent 
manner to be presently described. The thighs were invariably 
packed by the route described above, that is, from the abdominal 
cavity ; and in most cases the calves of the leg were moulded by 
pushing material downward from the thighs (figures 1 and 2). 
But occasionally other means are adopted for the treatment of the 
lower part of the leg. In some cases an incision had been made 
behind the knee (figure 1, C\ also Pl. V, figure 2 4 and Pl. VI, 
figure 2) and masses of linen (or, in other cases, mud) had been 
pushed downward toward the ankle and also upward tow^ard the 
thigh. It sometimes happens that the packing material pushed 
up from the knee occupies a différent muscular compartment to 
that packed from above and the two separate masses overlap. 
In other cases incisions are made lower down : sometimes on the 
posterior aspect either just above the ankle (figure 1, d) or midway 
between ankle and knee, at other times on the inner side of the 
ankle (figure 3, /• and Pl. XI, figure 1). From thèse openings not 
only was the calf of the leg distended but also the dorsum of the 
foot, the instep (see figure 1, P), the région around the heel and 
even the sole of the foot. In two cases I have seen crescentic 
