Vertehroid Homologies of the Cranium in Yertebralia. 57 
Cuvier, who, in the subject of homology, was perhaps the 
worst guide who could be taken, as by his eloquence and in- 
fluence in the Institute having defeated the brilliant Geoftroy 
St. Hilaire on his fanciful homology of the opercular appa- 
ratus, he was inclined to repudiate homology altogether. 
Cuvier, misled by the idea that the pectoral fin was the 
homologue of the anterior extremity, fancied that the coxal 
zone 58 was the supra-scapula, and the femur 59 was the 
scapula, thus including two distinct and separate portions 
of the skelon in the construction of one bone, while in one 
of the bones of the leg the tihioj 61, has to represent two 
bones. 
The most objectionable part of the homologies of Owen, 
Cuvier, Huxle}^, &c. &c., is the confusion caused by including 
in fishes the scapulo-clavicular or humeral zone with the 
arm as bones of the cranium, merely from their being in 
close connection with it, instead of being placed lower down 
the trunk, as in mammals. 
I. The Pro- thoracic or Temporal Zone 46, 47, 48, is mis- 
named as in connection with the tympanum as well as 49, 
which will be found to be the condyloid part of the maxilla, 
which is completed by 50, 51, and 52. 
II. The Mesotlioracic or Humeral Zone 53. The sca- 
pula is also included in the tympanic series, and supports 
54, 55,. 56, 57 the opercular bones of Owen, and the bones 
of the internal ear, according to GeolFroy St Hilaire, but 
which will be found anatomically to be homologues of the 
scapulo-clavicular zone, and anterior or respiratory limb of 
mammals — the skelon of the Lophius piscatorius shows this 
by having the fin rays developed, though not protruding 
through the skin. 
III. The Metathoracic or Coxal Zone. Cuvier and the 
continental comparative anatomists have here entirely mis- 
led Huxley, Owen and his followers, by describing the pec- 
toral fin of the ichthyologists as the supra-scapula, the 
scapula, arm, and hand, whereas 58 is the coxal or pelvic 
zone, and from 59 to 67 — the thigh, leg, tarsus, and toes. 
This must be cleared up before any system of homology can 
VOL. III. H 
