THE YOUNG SCIENTIST. 
37 
Engraving on Wood— II. 
BY SARAH E. FULLER. 
JN our last paper we told you how to 
make a drawing on wood, and we will 
now give some instructions in the practice 
of engraving. But first we must describe 
the necessary apparatus and tools. 
A set of tools usually contains four or 
five sorts. When we speak of them gen- 
erically, we call them all gravers, but 
when we classify them, we name the tint 
tools first. These are so named because 
tints are usually cut with them. They 
are made so that it is easier to cut tints 
with them than with the third class, which 
are technically called gravers or lozenge 
tools. This was the form used at first, 
and such tools still retain the name of 
gravers. All classes of work can be done 
with gravers, but it is usually found more 
convenient to use the tint tools for cut- 
ting tints ; the gouges for cutting or " dig- 
ging out " large spaces of wood; and the 
chisels for lowering the wood at the edges, 
and other parts of the picture. The 
gravers are useful in taking out minute 
dots of wood, irregular shapes, and also 
places with square corners. For conveni- 
ence we classify and number them in the 
following order: First the tint tools, of 
which from seven to twelve in number 
will be necessary. These are graduated 
\khj\ A A A A A /\ A 
straight on the bottom, and the edges 
formed by the bottom and the sides should 
be slightly rounded, so that the tool will 
cut more smoothly than if the edges were 
square. The sides should slant from the 
bottom, to the top or back, which may be 
round or square. If the tool is no thicker 
at the top than the bottom, it will stick, 
and hang in the wood, and the lines cut, 
will be liable to break down 
^^^^1^ in printing. A section will 
Fig. 5. 
appear like Fig. 5. When 
thicker at the base than at 
the top, a glance will show 
that they will have more 
strength, a section appear- 
ing like Fig. 6. 
The second classs of tools 
are the gouges, or digging- 
out tools. Of these two or three only are 
necessary. It is usual to have the smallest 
gouge make a cut that will fjrade next 
larger than the largest tint tool, and the 
Fig. 6. 
12345 6 7 8 9 10 11 
Fig. 4.— TINT TOOLS. 
from a very fine tool— so fine that the cut 
It makes will hardly show when printed— 
to one that will cut a coarse cut, say about 
one-twentieth of an inch in width. The 
engraving (Fig. 4) shows the graduation 
from No. 1 to No. 11 ; "A" shows the side 
of the tool. The tint tools should be 
Fig. 7. 
largest gouge— large enough to take out 
the largest spaces. Gouges numbers 12 
and 13 are large enough for general use, 
but if the engraver has much work re- 
quiring large spaces taken out, it 
would be well to add a gouge consid- 
erably larger than 13. The gouges are 
better for being round upon the bot- 
tom. 
The third class of tools are the 
gravers, or lozenge tools, their form 
being lozenge in shape (Fig. 8). Two 
or three are sufficient. They are 
marked, for convenience, with the let- 
ters A, B, C, etc. 
The fourth class of tools are the 
chisels (Fig. 9), of which one or two are 
sufficient. If only one is used, choose 
the broadest one. Mark these with Koman 
numerals, I, II, etc. 
The number of tools ^ used by different 
persons varies. Some engravers pride 
themselves on doing the greatest variety 
of work with the smallest number of 
tools. Others, again, have a large num- 
