100 
THE YOUNG SCIENTIST. 
upon the block. With an ivory paper- 
knife, rub gently over the paper, pressing 
only sufficiently to make the ink adhere 
to the paper. Rub in the direction the 
lines are cut. Do this in all cases if pos- 
sible. Light and delicate lines must be 
rubbed more gently than heavy lines ; and, 
when printed, the press should be so ad- 
justed that there will be less pressure upon 
them than upon the heavy lines. It is 
as it is technically called, than in the pre- 
vious examples. After success is attained 
in producing plain tints, proceed with 
graduated tints, which are made by vary- 
ing the width of the lines, and their dis- 
tance from each other, as in Fig. 18. After 
facility is obtained in straight-line tints, 
proceed to the study of waved lines. Cut 
some lines which are slightly waved, as 
in Fig. 19. This kind of line will be 
Fig. 17. 
Fig. 18. 
advisable to preserve proofs of work from 
the beginning, as they mark the progress 
of the individual, and they are always use- 
ful for reference. 
For a second lesson, take a block (Fig. 
16) somewhat larger than the first, and cut 
some similar tint. Proceed carefully, and 
be in earnest to make straight lines, and do 
not give up the practice till straight lines 
and an even tint are produced. The use of 
different-sized tools will give variety in the 
tint-studies. Also, with the same tool, 
cut lines with surface, and those that are 
sharp. 
The next example, Fig. 17, is cut with a 
finer tool, and has more surface, or face 
found very useful in sky-tints. Afterwards 
cut some with more undulation of line, 
and some lines quite curved, as in Fig. 20. 
It should be observed, however, that it is 
not desirable to cut masses of tint with 
this line ; for, " when the alternate undu- 
lations are much curved, the tint, when 
printed will appear as if intersected from 
top to bottom, like wicker-work, with per- 
pendicular stakes. " "This effect will be 
observable, both in lines cut by hand and 
by machine." 
Examine fine examples of wood engrav- 
ing, and observe closely the tints, and en- 
deavor to imitate them ; and continue the 
studies of tint-cutting till the pupil can 
