44 
THE YOUNG SCIENTIST. 
Drawing Lessons —VL 
BY JOHN CLARK CENTER. 
Figure Drawing. 
WHERE it can be procured, a plaster 
cast of the human form or part of it 
makes the best lay figure. The materials 
required for drawing are a few pieces of 
charcoal, Nos. 1 and 2 black chalk, a 
leather stump, a port-crayon, and some 
regular crayon paper, slightly tinted, as 
this takes the chalk best. 
The light should be allowed to fall on 
the sketch from the left hand. The pupil 
should sit with his head thrown back 
from his drawing as far as possible, in 
order to catch the proper effects of the 
parts sketched. A correct outline of the 
subject should first be drawn with the 
charcoal, which is easily dusted away by 
a very soft handkerchief: this is better 
than rubbing out, as friction destroys the 
surface of the paper. 
After a correct outline is obtained, trace 
with the black chalk as faintly as possi- 
ble, when the chalk can be dusted away 
with the handkerchief, which will leave a 
beautiful clear outline; after which he 
may begin the shading. 
Scrape a little of the chalk as fine as 
possible on a paper, rub the stump 
amongst the powder. Taking this, rub 
in the shadows — these will, by i)roper 
care, be soft and beautiful, and will fur- 
nish a good ground for the finish. 
Having carefully studied the different 
strengths of the shadows and the round- 
ings they produce, with a fine point on his 
chalk let the details be put in. He should 
patch over all the shading with this fine 
point. This, when done with proper care 
and skill, gives a very beautiful effect. In 
shading, the pupil must observe that there 
are two kinds of shadows ; one is called 
the shadow of incidence, the other the 
shadow of projection. The first is always 
soft, having no defined edge, but soften- 
ing imperceptibly into the light. The 
shadow of projection is alw^ays defined, 
having a sharp, decided edge. Avoid all 
hardness of edge, as the deepest shadows 
are always nearest the highest lights. If 
any mistakes are to be corrected or greater 
softness l)e required in any of the parts. 
j a little stale bread will remove the chalk, 
and by careful application a very beautiful 
effect can be produced in subduing and 
blending the diiferent shadows. 
This treatment of chalk as a medium 
for drawing is that used by schools of art, 
and can be studied in the crayon portraits 
of your friends, and other works of art of 
a similar character. 
We would recommend those who have 
models, of whatever kind, to practice this 
method of shadowing in drawing them ; 
and w^hen they attempt to draw the 
human "head divine," or other parts of 
the body attached to "that head," each 
part of which is a study in itself, or the 
clothing or draperies which may cover or 
surround it, demands will be made on 
manipulative ability for the treatment of 
each, and the textures will call for ex- 
periments until the desired goal of per- 
fection is reached and the "prize is won." 
In closing these lessons we will present 
in the accompanying illustrations the 
proportions which different parts of the 
human frame bear to each other, accord- 
ing to the acknowledged standard of 
beauty, as derived from measurements 
from the antique. These will be of great 
assistance in drawing from casts. We 
must not suppose that beauty is so much 
dependent on these rules as upon cor- 
rectness. There are many styles of 
beauty, the different styles often resulting 
from the slightest deviation in some 
point or other from established propor- 
tions. 
The mouth, in vidtli, is equal to the 
length of one eye and a half, in i^rofile it 
is exactly the same height, but only half 
this width; the upper lip projects less 
than the lower one. 
The nose, in width, is equal to one eye, 
and in height to two from the eyebrow^s. 
The eye is composed of the ball, the 
sight, the lachrymal point (which is the 
point nearest the nose), the upper and 
lower eyelids, and the eyebrow. The ball, 
when seen in front, is an exact circle, 
with the sight in the centre. The height 
is equal to half the length, and the eye- 
brow is situated above the eyelid about 
one-third the length of the eye. In profile 
it is the same height, half the length as 
