THE YOUNG SCIENTIST. 
62 
the surface is kept clean by being rubbed down 
once a month with olive oil. The artificial pa- 
tina is obtained by first cleaning the bronze and 
then dipping it into a solution of vinegar and 
water, after w^hich it is exposed for some weeks 
to the influence of damp carbonic acid gas. Or 
the bronze may be painted with a solution of 4^ 
imrts sal-ammoniac, and 1 part oxalic acid, in 
941 parts distilled vinegar. The modern imita- 
tion patina, to be seen on lamps and statuettes, 
can be produced by using a paint consisting of 
carbonate of copper and light spirit varnish 
(sandarach lacquer or photographic negative 
lacquer) ; this greenish lacquer is then put on 
the objects to be treated, with a brush, like paint. 
The green paint then collects in the recessed 
parts, and, when dry, looks like patina. This 
proceeding is specially to be recommended 
where objects with imitation patina have been 
damaged and are to be restored. Carbonate of 
copper gives a bluish color— verdigris (acetate 
of copper) a light green shade. Intermediate 
tinges ai'e obtained by mixing the two. 
Astronomy for Amateurs. 
BY BEELIN H. WEIGHT. 
(Calculated for the Latitude of New York City.) 
THE PLANETS— JUNE, 1880. 
D. 
H. 
M. 
Venus rises 
10 
4 
0 morning 
30 
4 
18 
Mars sets 
10 
10 
28 evening 
30 
9 
45 
Jupiter rises 
10 
1 
22 morning 
Saturn " 
10 
1 
6 
30 
0 
41 
Uranus sets 
20 
11 
9 evening 
Neptune rises 
20 
2 
0 morning 
EPHEMEKIDES 
OF THE PKINCIPAIi 
STAES AND 
CLUSTEES FOE JUNE 21, 1880. 
H. M. 
AZp/ia Andromeda (Alpheratz) rises 10 8 even 
Omicron Ceti (Mira) variable " 2 25 morn 
JSe<a Persei (Algol) " " 11 48 even 
Eta Tauri (Alcyone or Light of 
Pleiades) rises 2 12 morn 
Alpha Tauri (Aldebaran) rises 3 31 " 
Alpha Aurigae (Capella) " 0 59 " 
Beta Orionis (Eigel) invisible. 
Alpha Orionis (Betelguese) invisible. 
Alpha Canis Majoris (Sirius or Dog Star) in- 
visible. 
Alpha Canis Minoris (Procj'on) invisible. 
Alpha Leonis (Regulus) sets 10 43 even 
-Aip/ia Virginis (Spica) sets 0 43 morn 
Alpha Bootis (Arcturus) in merid. 8 8 even 
jflip/ia Scorpionis ( Antares) in merid 10 19 " 
Alpha Jjjrsie {Yega) in mevid. 0 34 morn 
Alpha Aquillae ( Altair) in merid. 1 46 morn 
Alpha Cygni (Deneb) in merid. 2 38 " 
Alpha Pisces Australis (Fomalhaut) 
rises 0 52 " 
NEAE APPEOACH OF MOON TO PLANETS AND 
STAES, AND OTHEE PHENOMENA. 
June 2. Mercury in superior conj. with Sun. 
2. Jupiter 7° South of Moon. 
3. Saturn 8° 
" 4. Neptune 6° " " 
5. Moon 2° South of Pleiades. 
" 5. Venus 5° in Taurus. 
6. Moon 8° North of Aldebaran. 
" 6, Venus 3° in Taurus. 
" 7. Moon Apogee and highest. 
7. Moon 4° South of Auriga or El Nath» 
(2d mag), and nearly midway be- 
tween Capella and Betelguese. 
" 9. Moon, with Procyon S.E., Betelguese 
S.W., and Sirius S., forms a huge 
diamond. 
" 11. Mars 4° North of Moon. 
" 13. Moon 5° South of Regulus. 
" 13. Mars 8^" in Cancer. 
14. Uranus 6° North of Moon. 
" 17. Mars in Aphelion. 
" 19. Jupiter 16° in Pisces. 
" 20. Moon very close to Antares. 
" 20. Sun enters sign Cancer {constellation 
Gemini), and Summer begins. 
" 21. Moon Perigee and Lowest. 
" 22. Total Eclipse of Moon, invisible in East- 
ern States, and the beginning only 
visible in California, the Moon set- 
ting partially eclipsed. 
" 27. Saturn 26° in Pisces. 
" 30. Jupiter 7° South of Moon. 
THE MOON, II. 
Directly north of Mare Crisium (A), in the first 
or N. "W. Quadrant, is a large number of walled 
plains or ampitheatres. Their interiors bear a. 
perfect resemblance to the outside grey plains^ i 
like a great entrenchment thrown around an 
undisturbed surface. 
The ring or wall is usually steepest within^ j 
and in many instances built up in vast terraces, i 
each terrace evidently marking the ancient ' 
level of a molten lake. High peaks occasionally i 
spring up from the wall, like watch towers, and i 
gateways break through the rampart. j 
Close upon the northern border of M. Crisium i 
is the walled plain Cleomedes (12), 78 miles in i 
diameter. It includes a small brilliant crater» j 
North of 12 is Burckhardt(19), 35 miles in diam- I 
eter, the interior being 12,700 feet below its east 
wall. Geminus (20) is 54 miles broad, and the 
wall upon the east side is 12,300 feet high, and 
the western wall 16,700 feet high. At the west. 
