90 
THE YOUNG SCIENTIST. 
free-hand process, the artist gives a rep- 
resentation of any object placed before 
him and geometrical perspective, in which 
the lines and distances are measured off 
and laid down by means of instruments. 
Some kinds of drawing are named after 
the special application which is made of 
them, as map drawing, architectural 
drawing, machine drawing, etc., and 
although the principles and rules em- 
ployed are the same in all, yet skill in 
any one branch depends very much upon 
the experience which has been had in it, 
so that it is not uncommon to find per- 
sons who are very skilful in one depart- 
ment, and yet are not very successful in 
others. 
As an extension of the art of drawing, 
and frequently confounded with it, we 
have the art of designing, in which no 
actually existing object is figured, the 
draughtsman relying upon his ideality 
and imagination for the figures which he 
produces. 
The student will do well to endeavor to 
acquire clear ideas in regard to the special 
branch to which he proposes to devote 
his attention. For practical purposes the 
different branches of the art may be ar- 
ranged under three principal heads : 
1. Pure art, in which, by means of free- 
hand drawings and sketches, effects are 
produced which are valuable for their 
own beauty and interest, but are not 
necessarily of any use in the industrial 
arts or in every-day life. Such drawings 
resemble pictures or engravings— they are 
kept merely to be looked at, and the 
degree of skill which is required to pro- 
duce them of superior excellence, confers 
upon them a pecuniary value which is 
sometimes very high. Artists capable of 
attaining this high degree of excellence 
are born, not made, and to those who 
aspire to this department of art, we can- 
not presume to have anything to say. 
2. Free-hand drawing as applied to the 
Arts. This may consist of mere sketch- 
ing, which gives an idea of the form but 
not always of the exact size of the dif- 
ferent parts of objects. The power to 
make free-hand sketches is invaluable, as 
it enables us to note down in a rapid 
manner things which could never other- 
wise be committed to paper. It has also 
a special value in its influence as a means 
of mental training, since no exercise cul- 
tivates the powers and habit of exact ob- 
servation so thoroughly and so rapidly as 
the art of drawing. When we see an ob- 
ject we carry away a vague idea of its 
general form and outlines, and even this 
we are not compelled to do, so that if the 
mind is in a listless or inattentive mood, 
we may pass over entirely many of the 
most important features. When, how- 
ever, we attempt to make a drawing, we 
are compelled to attend closely not only 
to general features, but to details, and the 
training thus acquired is invaluable. In 
addition to this is the exercise of trans- 
ferring to paper the ideas thus acquired. 
This involves the accurate measurement 
of distances and the correct estimation of 
direction and form, as well as of color, 
shade, etc. 
3. Design. Those who by native skill 
and judicious training have acquired a 
high degree of skill in free-hand drawing, 
frequently apply themselves to the pro- 
duction of designs to be used in such 
arts as the manufacture of pottery, silk 
fabrics, paper hangings, etc., etc. These 
designs may constitute either modified 
forms of the objects themselves, such as 
new vases, goblets, plates, etc., or orna- 
ments to be applied to the articles. Train- 
ing in this department consists (1) in so 
moulding the ideas and imagination of 
the student that he may be able to origin- 
ate the ideals which are to be embodied, 
and (2) in acquiring the power of trans- 
ferring the ideals to paper. In general 
the power to transfer to paper is acquired 
before the ability to originate is attained, 
and indeed the latter is frequently absent 
where the former exists. 
The power to originate designs of true 
merit can only be acquired by a careful 
study of the principles of art, and a 
thorough contemplation of the best pre- 
existing models. From these, new com- 
binations may be evolved, and if the 
student pay judicious attention to the in- 
finite variety of wonderful and beautiful 
forms which are constantly presented by 
natural objects, new elements, affording 
the most valuable and original designs, 
